"Itzt kommen die Soldaten"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Venzl
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

In the 18th century, as many as 300 German-language plays were produced with the military and its contact and friction with civil society serving as focus of the dramatic events. The immense public interest these plays attracted feeds not least on the fundamental social structural change that was brought about by the establishment of standing armies. In his historico-cultural literary study, Tilman Venzl shows how these military dramas literarily depict complex social processes and discuss the new problems in an affirmative or critical manner. For the first time, the findings of the New Military History are comprehensively included in the literary history of the 18th century. Thus, the example of selected military dramas – including Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm and Lenz's Die Soldaten – reveals the entire range of variety characterizing the history of both form and function of the subject.

Отцейхгаузадомузеяизисториивоенно-историческогомузеяартиллерии,инженерныхвойскивойсксвязи

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-197
Author(s):  
V.E. . Sergei
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
General Field ◽  
Signal Corps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Military Engineering ◽  
The Military

The article is dedicated to the history of the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signal Corps. The author examines the main stages of the museums formation, starting with the foundation of the Arsenal, established in St. Petersburg at the orders of Peter the Great on August 29th 1703 for the safekeeping and preservation of memory, for eternal glory of unique arms and military trophies. In 1756, on the base of the Arsenals collection, the General Inspector of Artillery Count P.I. created the Memorial Hall, set up at the Arsenal, on St. Petersburgs Liteyny Avenue. By the end of the 18th century the collection included over 6,000 exhibits. In 1868 the Memorial Hall was transferred to the New Arsenal, at the Crownwork of the Petropavlovsky Fortress, and renamed the Artillery Museum (since 1903 the Artillery Historical Museum). A large part of the credit for the development and popularization of the collection must be given to the historian N.E. Brandenburg, the man rightly considered the founder of Russias military museums, who was the chief curator from 1872 to 1903. During the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars a significant part of the museums holdings were evacuated to Yaroslavl and Novosibirsk. Thanks to the undying devotion of the museums staff, it not only survived, but increased its collection. In the 1960s over 100,000 exhibits were transferred from the holdings of the Central Historical Museum of Military Engineering and the Military Signal Corps Museum. In 1991 the collection also received the entire Museum of General Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov, transferred from the Polish town of Bolesawjec. The Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signal Coprs is now one of the largest museums of military history in the world. It holds an invaluable collection of artillery and ammunition, of firearms and cold steel arms, military engineering and signal technology, military banners, uniforms, a rich collection of paintings and graphic works, orders and medals, as well as extensive archives, all dedicated to the history of Russian artillery and the feats of our nations defenders.Статья посвящена истории создания ВоенноИсторического музея артиллерии, инженерных войск и войск связи. Автор рассматривает основные этапы становления музея, начиная с основания Арсенала, созданного в СанктПетербурге по приказу Петра I 29 августа 1703 года для хранения и сохранения памяти, во имя вечной славы уникального оружия и военных трофеев. В 1756 году на базе коллекции Арсенала генеральный инспектор артиллерии граф П. И. создал мемориальный зал, установленный при Арсенале, на Литейном проспекте СанктПетербурга. К концу 18 века коллекция насчитывала более 6000 экспонатов. В 1868 году Мемориальный зал был перенесен в Новый Арсенал, на венец Петропавловской крепости, и переименован в Артиллерийский музей (с 1903 года Артиллерийский Исторический музей). Большая заслуга в развитии и популяризации коллекции принадлежит историку Н.Е. Бранденбургу, человеку, по праву считавшемуся основателем российских военных музеев, который был главным хранителем с 1872 по 1903 год. В годы Гражданской и Великой Отечественной войн значительная часть фондов музея была эвакуирована в Ярославль и Новосибирск. Благодаря неусыпной преданности сотрудников музея, он не только сохранился, но и пополнил свою коллекцию. В 1960х годах более 100 000 экспонатов были переданы из фондов Центрального исторического военноинженерного музея и Музея войск связи. В 1991 году коллекцию также получил весь музей генералфельдмаршала М. И. Кутузова, переданный из польского города Болеславец. Военноисторический музей артиллерии, инженерных войск и войск связи в настоящее время является одним из крупнейших музеев военной истории в мире. Здесь хранится бесценная коллекция артиллерии и боеприпасов, огнестрельного и холодного оружия, военной техники и сигнальной техники, военных знамен, обмундирования, богатая коллекция живописных и графических работ, орденов и медалей, а также обширные архивы, посвященные истории русской артиллерии и подвигам защитников нашего народа.

scholarly journals THE ROAD AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE CONTENT OF THE SHOW GARDEN

space&FORM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (46) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Izabela Myszka ◽  
◽  
Katarzyna Augustyniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Entire Space ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Road ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Decisive Influence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
Road System

In this article, we focus on the subject of the show garden and place for path in the garden, in particular its forms and functions in space and meaning. The form and function of path was examined on the basis of selected, representative examples of historical gardens and contemporary show gardens of the festival in Chaumont-sur-Loire. The results showed that a path is the leading element of every garden, and its form has a decisive influence on the composition of the entire space and allows you to note content. Based on the research results, road system diagrams in historical gardens were developed and model concepts for show gardens inspired by the history of gardens were developed. The currently very touching topic of Quarantine has become the leitmotif of the garden content.

scholarly journals Zasób archiwum oraz biblioteki parafii św. Katarzyny w Wolbromiu

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
Konrad Kołodziejczyk
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town

Resources of the archive and library of Saint Catherine’s parish in Wolbrom The article tries to take a closer look at the history of the archive and library of Saint Catherine’s parish in Wolbrom, describe the local conditions and briefly characterise the archival resources and library collection. The parish archive and library, originally part of the monastery, in Wolbrom have previously been the subject of only a few studies. Saint Catherine’s parish in Wolbrom was founded in the first half of the 14th century. At the beginning of the 1620s, it was handed over to the Canons Regular of the Lateran from the Corpus Christi Church in Kazimierz near Krakow. The first printed books almost certainly arrived in the town together with the founding of the parish, while the oldest mention of the parish book collection in Wolbrom comes from 1566. In the following centuries, the collection was successively enriched with donations from benefactors and the clergy. The main users of the collection were almost certainly the monks themselves, the heads of the parish schools and pupils. The rich collection in the parish library was not, however, always respected, especially in the 18th century when, after an inspection, attention was drawn to the terrible conditions in the library. Many valuable parts of the collection were also destroyed during wars and invasions. The Wolbrom parish archive was mentioned for the first time in the second half of the 17th century. Initially, the archive was located in the chambers of the prior, then in the monastery library above the church sacristy. The resources of the archive mainly include parish registers. Most of the documentation comes from the time of the partitions. The parish archive also contains documents not connected with the activities of the parish. There is even a royal document from the time of Stanislaw II August Poniatowski concerning the local guild of furriers. The observations carried out in the archive and library allow important recommendations to be made concerning the safeguarding of the collection with suitable storage conditions.

The 10,000 Persian Immortals, a Model for the Special Indoeuropean Troops

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Mădălina Strechie
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Postal Service ◽  
Human History ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
First Case ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe history of humanity got from the Persians the first imperial organization, the first process of integration of the conquered ones, the first postal service, the most effective means of communication at the dawn of Antiquity, and also the best organized militarized services.The most special of the Indo-European Antiquity troops was the Royal Guard, founded by Darius I, one of the great kings of humanity, a political titan, and equally an extraordinary general through his institutional creations of force. The Royal Guard of Darius I, known in history as the 10,000 immortals, is the subject of our study, as it is one of the most complex special militarized structures in human history of all time, inspiring the military structures of all the Indo-Europeans, whether the Hoplite revolution, the organization of the Macedonian phalanx or the Roman Praetorian Guard and more than that.The 10,000 immortals combined not only the heroic character (while multiplying it), which appeared for the first time with the Greeks of the Homeric period, but also strict discipline, in the Spartan sense, contemporary with this troop, the organization and the well-developed logistics, which would inspire the Roman army, the military brotherhoods characteristic of all the Indo-Europeans, but this totally special troop, in particular, imposed the model of the educated (even intellectual) military man, a soldier of the supreme god of the Good, faithful first of all to the Good and to his king, a military man who used all the weapons of the time.This special troop was a true institution that also provided information to the Persian king, information being one of the most effective weapons. Moreover, the Persians through this Royal Guard used for the first time psychological impact as a weapon, this being the first case of effective manipulation by the number that was kept constant, but also by name. Only the gods were immortal, and the very large number of soldiers who made up this special troop is impressive even today. The armament of this extraordinary troop comprised all the weapons of the time, the bow above all, which the Aryans considered the favourite weapon of Indra, the most warlike god of the Indo-European gods.

scholarly journals The Problem of Scientific Approach to Studying Genealogy of the Muralist Sculptor, People's Artist of Russia V. M. Klykov

2021 ◽  
pp. 615-625
Author(s):  
Tatyana I. Dolzhenkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Professional Critics ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

The famous Soviet and Russian sculptor V. M. Klykov (1939-2006), winner of state prizes of the RSFSR and the USSR, People's Artist of Russia, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, was an ambiguous figure in the eyes of his contemporaries. His caught the attention not only of professional critics, but also of ordinary people. Many publications and memoirs dedicated to the sculptor had been published during his lifetime. However, V. M. Klykov himself gave contradictory information on the history of his family in his interviews. At the same time, a complete and objective assessment of his life and work and his role in art is impossible without studying his social origin and family history, which determined the relevance of this work. Until now, the history of the Klykov family has been reconstructed from stories and memoirs of those who knew him personally. The study has also been hampered by the fact that there are misconceptions about V. M. Klykov’s ancestors that often spring from desire to create a certain image that fits the worldview of the famous sculptor. The purpose of the study has been to identify and analyze the documentary sources on the subject: archival materials, documents from the museum collection and periodicals. The fonds of the State Archive of the Kursk Region (GAKO) have provided most sources. However, destruction of the archives during the Civil War and the Nazi occupation resulted in a lack of documents and photographs from the early 20th century. Some information has been found in databases available on the Internet. A number of documents are being introduced into scientific use for the first time. The study is based on the key principles of historicism, consistency, and objectivity, which allows the author to avoid mythologization of the sculptor. Comparative analysis of the identified sources has allowed the author to trace V. M. Klykov’s genealogy up to the mid-19th century, to identify the names of his ancestors, to note the family’s difficult fate through the pivots of Russian history, to determine V. M. Klykov’s ancestors and to explore their biographies, achievements, and social status. Several representatives of the Klykov family have been identified, who showed themselves worthily in the military service of the Fatherland. In addition, the author has refuted the tale of the sculptor's grandfather ‘s de-kulakization and persecution by the Soviet power. The author concludes that peasant origin and environment in which the sculptor grew up left an imprint on his worldview, and therefore, on the theme of his monumental creativity and ideas that he defended in public life.

scholarly journals The Library of the Headquarters of the Border Guard Special Corps. To the 125th Anniversary of the Corps Foundation

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-646
Author(s):  
Anatoliy M. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
General Staff ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Quantitative Indices ◽  
125Th Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Library Catalogue ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Systematic Catalogue

Due to the lack of studies on the history of librarianship in the Border Guard Special Corps (BGSC), this article considers for the first time the history of creation and development of the library at its headquarters. The purpose of the article is the reconstruction of the library stocks, first of all its quantitative indices and thematic content, basing on “The Library Catalogue of the Headquarters of the Border Guard Special Corps” of 1906. The author widely used the method of comparative analysis, which allowed to reveal the catalogue shortcomings, common to pre-revolutionary libraries, and specific features of catalogue compilation, to identify similarities and differences in the subject matter of the available publications and their distribution between Military Department divisions with similar book collections (using the example of “Systematic Catalogue of books of the Library of Headquarters of the Moscow Military District, published in the same 1906, and three additions to it). The core of the source base of the study were the library catalogues and orders of the chiefs of the Border Guard. This study allowed the author to establish the date of creation of the library, which should be considered January 30, 1895, as on that day the Corps Headquarters Order No. 12 recorded the first receipt of books and quantitative indices of the stock, which included 33 authors (names) in 110 volumes. According to the catalogue, by 1906 the library included 454 authors (names) of publications in 1396 volumes. The article revealed the existence of one more library at the headquarters of the BGSC, arranged and operated at Corps Museum. The results show that organising and development of libraries at the headquarters of BGSC and its structural units went in one course with the establishment and further existence of libraries of the Military Department. They had similar departments, same sources of accession, including from the General Staff, depended on the attitude of higher administration and the initiative of the officers themselves.

scholarly journals PLANIGRAPHY AND TYPOLOGICAL CARACTERYSTYC OF GLASS ITEMS FROM AKKERMAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-148
Author(s):  
S. O. Biliaieva ◽  
O. Ye. Fialko
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

Archaeological materials of Belgorod-Akkerman cause great interest as the monument of different civilizations, the interrelations of which in the field of the material culture, not enough study yet. Take in attention the perspectives of planigraphic analyse, which was accepted earlier on the base of the glasses for architectural reconstructions of the Turkish bathhouse, the article is the first attempt to represent the results of complex analyse of the glass things (nearby 1000 exemplars), which were founded on the whole square of the excavations of the expedition of 1999—2010. On the base of the two main parameters: planigraphy and typology of the findings in the buildings of the Low yard of the fortress the fact of the interrelation of artefacts with historical development of various structures was established. Some differences in using the glass artefacts in the bathhouse and barbican were admitted. The new page of the military history of Akkerman of the 18th century became the mass findings of fragments of glass grenades, which have been led to the destruction of the barbican.

scholarly journals On the question of the fighting and numerical composition of the artillery of the Crimean front in february-may 1942

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
S. N. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

On the basis of archival documents, information on the combat and numerical composition of all parts of the artillery of the Crimean Front (February-May 1942) is summarized, and also for the first time data on forgotten artillery units participating in the hostilities are presented. Some provisions of modern studies on the military history of the Crimean Front are critically evaluated, the author’s version of the role of Soviet artillery at the time of the front breakthrough by German troops in May 1942 is advanced. Separate, most typical episodes of the use of artillery in Southeast Crimea in May 1942 are disclosed.

The fast case: Constructionalization of a Swedish concessive

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Minimalist Program ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Lexical Functional Grammar ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Lexical Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function

The development of grammatical markers has been described from several theoretical perspectives over the last decade: Grammaticalization Theory (Hopper & Traugott 2003, Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), the Minimalist Program (Roberts & Roussou 2003, van Gelderen 2004), and Lexical-Functional Grammar (Vincent 2001), see also the overview in (Börjars & Vincent 2010). It has recently been addressed in Construction Grammar, where it is argued that a shift towards a constructional perspective on change may yield new insights into the workings of grammaticalization (Bergs & Diewald 2008, Hoffmann & Trousdale 2013, Traugott & Trousdale 2013). This paper should be taken as a contribution to a constructional view on grammaticalization. It is about the rise of the concessive subordinator fast(än) in the history of Swedish occurring in a construction or clause type called universal concessive conditional (Haspelmath & Köning 1998), in Swedish generaliserande bisats (SAG 1999). The Swedish fast, etymologically (and still productively) as an adjective in the meaning ‘steady’, ‘robust’ is used as an intensifier, ‘very’, ‘much’, in early Modern Swedish, eventually established as a concessive marker ‘even if’, ‘although’ in the 18th century. The conventionalization of a concessive inference is highly interesting and may be traced back to specific constructions in the 16th and 17th centuries. On the basis of an extensive corpus study, I analyze the critical contexts and discuss the development as constructional change rather than lexical change, arguing that a remapping between form and function takes place in concessive conditional constructions due to processes of inferencing and mismatch.

scholarly journals The Relief on the Door of the Msho Arakelots Monastery (1134) as a Source for Studying Arms and Armour of Medieval Armenian Warriors

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 207-250
Author(s):  
Dmytro Dymydyuk
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Military History ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military ◽  
Medieval Historiography

Byzantium’s arms and armours were researched by many historians. For that reason, the military history of the medieval Roman Empire enjoyed a dominant position in medieval historiography, with the consequence that very often the military history of small nations (under Roman influences) was written from the perspective of the Eastern Romans historians. The aim of the paper is to change this perspective and give the subject of the medieval Armenian military the attention it deserves. The idea is to perform an analysis of the relief on the Door of the Msho Arakelots monastery, where four equestrians and one infantryman are depicted, and to compare it with other Armenian, Byzantine and Muslim sources. In this relief, a spherical mace head and a sword with sleeve cross-guard are represented, suggesting many parallels with East-Roman archaeological and figurative sources. No less important is the depiction of the military trumpet because it is the first image of this object in Armenian art, which can be compared with pictures from the Madrid Skylitzes (13th c.). In addition, the only defensive weapon which is presented in this relief is a round shield with a floral ornament. There are many depictions of round shields in Armenian miniatures and reliefs from 10th–11th c. Moreover, this relief is one of the few where stirrups and the chape of a scabbard are shown. These elements represent an important piece of information because these pictures can be compared with actual archaeological East-Roman artefacts to reconstruct their real look. The conclusions are that the majority of Armenian weapons bear similarities to Byzantine ones but no less important are the Muslim influences, which have been found in some cases. Located between two civilizations (Byzantium and the Muslim Potentates), Armenians adopted the best solutions of their military technologies, creating their own culture. Moreover, thanks to this comparative analysis, further support will be given to the idea that medieval figurative sources are more or less accurate material for studying medieval military history.

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