scholarly journals Treating the Enemy: Victims of the Syrian Civil War in Israel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Luder
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Medical Disease ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
Surgical Conditions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Overall Mortality

Between February 2013 and December 2018, many thousands of victims of the Syrian civil war crossed the closed border between the two warring states and received, at no cost, high-level and extensive medical and humanitarian care in Israel. Overall mortality rates were very low, and more than 40 Syrian babies were born in Israel. All the patients returned to Syria after their treatment which extended in some cases into many months. Severe medical disease, surgical conditions and the major traumas of war injuries.were treated in in-patient and ambulatory settings. The story of this unique campaign contains many themes: military, legal, medical, social, humanitarian, ethical, media, personal and political. There have been very few, if any, precedents for a campaign of this nature involving two bitter enemies, over whose mutual border real and potential threats are constantly being played out.

scholarly journals Organized violence, 1989–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therése Pettersson ◽  
Magnus Öberg
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Organized Violence ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Data Program ◽  
High Level

This article reports on trends in organized violence, building on new data by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). The defeat of Islamic State (IS) in Syria and Iraq has pushed the number of fatalities, almost 75,600, to its lowest level since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011. However, this de-escalation in Syria is countered by increased violence in Africa, as IS and other transnational jihadist groups have relocated their efforts there. Furthermore, violence has continued to increase in Afghanistan; UCDP recorded more than 31,200 fatalities in Afghanistan in 2019, which accounts for 40% of all fatalities from organized violence across the globe. The general decline in fatalities from organized violence does not correspond with the trend in the number of active conflicts, which remained on a historically high level. UCDP recorded 54 state-based conflicts in 2019, including seven wars. Twenty-eight state-based conflicts involved IS (Islamic State), al-Qaida or their affiliates. In the past decade, conflicts involving these transnational jihadist groups have driven many of the trends in organized violence.

The Cyber Dimensions of the Syrian Civil War: Implications for Future Conflict

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Grohe
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Syrian Civil War

Refugees’ dehumanization in the Spanish media: A corpus-assisted study within the semantic preference framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Alcaraz-Mármol ◽  
Jorge Soto-Almela
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The Media

AbstractThe dehumanization of migrants and refugees in the media has been the object of numerous critical discourse analyses and metaphor-based studies which have primarily dealt with English written news articles. This paper, however, addresses the dehumanizing language which is used to refer to refugees in a 1.8-million-word corpus of Spanish news articles collected from the digital libraries of El Mundo and El País, the two most widely read Spanish newspapers. Our research particularly aims to explore how the dehumanization of the lemma refugiado is constructed through the identification of semantic preferences. It is concerned with synchronic and diachronic aspects, offering results on the evolution of refugees’ dehumanization from 2010 to 2016. The dehumanizing collocates are determined via a corpus-based analysis, followed by a detailed manual analysis conducted in order to label the different collocates of refugiado semantically and classify them into more specific semantic subsets. The results show that the lemma refugiado usually collocates with dehumanizing words that express, by frequency order, quantification, out-of-control phenomenon, objectification, and economic burden. The analysis also demonstrates that the collocates corresponding to these four semantic subsets are unusually frequent in the 2015–16 period, giving rise to seasonal collocates strongly related to the Syrian civil war and other Middle-East armed conflicts.

scholarly journals Response of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) and sugarbeet to desmedipham and phenmedipham

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Clint W. Beiermann ◽  
Cody F. Creech ◽  
Stevan Z. Knezevic ◽  
Amit J. Jhala ◽  
Robert Harveson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Selectivity Index ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Cotyledon Stage ◽  
Equivalent Rate ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
High Level

Abstract A prepackaged mixture of desmedipham + phenmedipham was previously labeled for control of Amaranthus spp. in sugarbeet. Currently, there are no effective POST herbicide options to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in sugarbeet. Sugarbeet growers are interested in using desmedipham + phenmedipham to control escaped Palmer amaranth. In 2019, a greenhouse experiment was initiated near Scottsbluff, NE, to determine the selectivity of desmedipham and phenmedipham between Palmer amaranth and sugarbeet. Three populations of Palmer amaranth and four sugarbeet hybrids were evaluated. Herbicide treatments consisted of desmedipham and phenmedipham applied singly or as mixtures at an equivalent rate. Herbicides were applied when Palmer amaranth and sugarbeet were at the cotyledon stage, or two true-leaf sugarbeet stage and when Palmer amaranth was 7 cm tall. The selectivity indices for desmedipham, phenmedipham, and desmedipham + phenmedipham were 1.61, 2.47, and 3.05, respectively, at the cotyledon stage. At the two true-leaf application stage, the highest rates of desmedipham and phenmedipham were associated with low mortality rates in sugarbeet, resulting in a failed response of death. The highest rates of desmedipham + phenmedipham caused a death response of sugarbeet; the selectivity index was 2.15. Desmedipham treatments resulted in lower LD50 estimates for Palmer amaranth compared to phenmedipham, indicating that desmedipham can provide greater levels of control for Palmer amaranth. However, desmedipham also caused greater injury in sugarbeet, producing lower LD50 estimates compared to phenmedipham. Desmedipham + phenmedipham provided 90% or greater control of cotyledon-size Palmer amaranth at a labeled rate but also caused high levels of sugarbeet injury. Neither desmedipham, phenmedipham, nor desmedipham + phenmedipham was able to control 7-cm tall Palmer amaranth at previously labeled rates. Results indicate that desmedipham + phenmedipham can only control Palmer amaranth if applied at the cotyledon stage and a high level of sugarbeet injury is acceptable.

scholarly journals Cardiac complications during the active phase of COVID-19: review of the current evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Said Ramadan ◽  
◽  
Lorenzo Bertolino ◽  
Tommaso Marrazzo ◽  
Maria Teresa Florio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cardiac Complications ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Improving Patient Care ◽  
Overall Mortality

AbstractGrowing reports since the beginning of the pandemic and till date describe increased rates of cardiac complications (CC) in the active phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CC commonly observed include myocarditis/myocardial injury, arrhythmias and heart failure, with an incidence reaching about a quarter of hospitalized patients in some reports. The increased incidence of CC raise questions about the possible heightened susceptibility of patients with cardiac disease to develop severe COVID-19, and whether the virus itself is involved in the pathogenesis of CC. The wide array of CC seems to stem from multiple mechanisms, including the ability of the virus to directly enter cardiomyocytes, and to indirectly damage the heart through systemic hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states, endothelial injury of the coronary arteries and hypoxemia. The induced CC seem to dramatically impact the prognosis of COVID-19, with some studies suggesting over 50% mortality rates with myocardial damage, up from ~ 5% overall mortality of COVID-19 alone. Thus, it is particularly important to investigate the relation between COVID-19 and heart disease, given the major effect on morbidity and mortality, aiming at early detection and improving patient care and outcomes. In this article, we review the growing body of published data on the topic to provide the reader with a comprehensive and robust description of the available evidence and its implication for clinical practice.

scholarly journals Prognostic factors for mortality in invasive pneumococcal disease in adult: a system review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Hiromi Matsumoto ◽  
Nobuyuki Horita ◽  
Yu Hara ◽  
Nobuaki Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
System Review ◽  
Overall Mortality

AbstractRisk factors associated with mortality in invasive pneumococcal disease remain unclear. The present work is a meta-analysis of studies that enrolled only patients with invasive pneumococcal disease and reported on mortality. Potentially eligible reports were identified from PubMed, CHAHL, and Web of Science, comprising 26 reports in total. Overall mortality for invasive pneumococcal disease was reported as 20.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 17.5–24%). Factors associated with mortality were age (odds ratio (OR) 3.04, 95% CI 2.5–3.68), nursing home (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.13–2.32), nosocomial infection (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.52–2.89), septic shock (OR 13.35, 95% CI 4.54–39.31), underlying chronic diseases (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.78–3.09), solid organ tumor (OR 5.34, 95% CI 2.07–13.74), immunosuppressed status (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.31–2.14), and alcohol abuse (OR 3.14, 95% CI 2.13–4.64). Mortality rates with invasive pneumococcal disease remained high, and these findings may help clinicians provide appropriate initial treatment for this disease.

Re-enacting the international order, or: why the Syrian state did not disappear

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Janis Grzybowski
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
International Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
New States ◽  
Regime Support ◽  
Rare Opportunity ◽  
State Form

Abstract At the height of the Syrian civil war, many observers argued that the Syrian state was collapsing, fragmenting, or dissolving. Yet, it never actually vanished. Revisiting the rising challenges to the Syrian state since 2011 – from internal collapse through external fragmentation to its looming dissolution by the ‘Islamic State’ – provides a rare opportunity to investigate the re-enactment of both statehood and international order in crisis. Indeed, what distinguishes the challenges posed to Syria, and Iraq, from others in the region and beyond is that their potential dissolution was regarded as a threat not merely to a – despised – dictatorial regime, or a particular state, but to the state-based international order itself. Regimes fall and states ‘collapse’ internally or are replaced by new states, but the international order is fundamentally questioned only where the territorially delineated state form is contested by an alternative. The article argues that the Syrian state survived not simply due to its legal sovereignty or foreign regime support, but also because states that backed the rebellion, fearing the vanishing of the Syrian nation-state in a transnational jihadist ‘caliphate’, came to prefer its persistence under Assad. The re-enactment of states and of the international order are thus ultimately linked.

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