scholarly journals Leprosy in the Modern Era

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Manzoor Kadri ◽  
Marija Petkovic ◽  
Arshi Taj ◽  
Ailbhe H. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Dasypus Novemcinctus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Infective Disease ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
High Infectivity

Leprosy is a chronic infective disease that originates from the presence of pathogen agent Mycobacterium leprae. Mycobacterium leprae was discovered by the Norwegian doctor Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen in 1873. For the zoonotic transmission of M. leprae in the US the responsible insects are armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). M. leprae is an intracellular microorganism leading to loss of sensibility, innervation, intraepidermal impairment and lesions due to the absence of myelin in Schwann cells. Mycobacterium leprae has high infectivity and low pathogenicity. Incubation period is from 2 to 7 years. Leprosy is an infectious neurodegenerative disorder of the peripheral nervous system. Leprosy is the major cause of human disability due to neurological damage. Leprosy still represents one of the major causes of disabilities in humans. The most common complications are muscle weakness leading to atrophy, bone loss, amputations and blindness. In the case of chronic cutaneous hyperalgesia, there is a local increase in NGF levels. The application of anti-NGF antibodies may be of benefit in treating hyperalgesia in patients with neuropathy and impaired nerve endings. If combined, NGF, NT-3 and glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor may be sustainable. In over 90% of human individuals an overall genetic resistance has been noted.

Racial and ethnic disparities among children with primary central nervous system tumors in the US

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Nieblas-Bedolla ◽  
Briana Christophers ◽  
John R. Williams ◽  
Alexandra Power-Hays ◽  
Nathalia Jimenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Nervous System Tumors ◽  
The Us

scholarly journals H-2-linked genes influence the severity of herpes simplex virus infection of the peripheral nervous system.

1989 ◽  
Vol 169 (4) ◽  
pp. 1503-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Sensory Ganglia ◽  
Herpetic Infection ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Impaired Ability ◽  
Simplex Virus

Infection of the peripheral nervous system was studied after inoculation of HSV into the flank skin of H-2 congenic mice. The amount of virus recovered from the sensory ganglia varied significantly between the mouse strains tested. Differences became apparent 7 d after infection, at which time the severity of disease in H-2k mice was two to three orders of magnitude greater than that in H-2d animals. The association of the H-2k haplotype with impaired ability to clear HSV from the nervous system is the first clear demonstration that genes within the MHC can influence the severity of primary herpetic infection, in spite of numerous studies on genetic resistance to this disease.

scholarly journals The Rotenone Models Reproducing Central and Peripheral Features of Parkinson’s Disease

NeuroSci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Ikuko Miyazaki ◽  
Masato Asanuma
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Disease Modifying Drugs

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system, neurodegenerative disorder; PD patients exhibit motor symptoms (such as akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability) due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, autonomic disturbance, depression, and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which precedes motor symptoms. Pathologically, α-synuclein deposition is observed in the central and peripheral nervous system of sporadic PD patients. To clarify the mechanism of neurodegeneration in PD and to develop treatment to slow or stop PD progression, there is a great need for experimental models which reproduce neurological features of PD. Animal models exposed to rotenone, a commonly used pesticide, have received most attention since Greenamyre and his colleagues reported that chronic exposure to rotenone could reproduce the anatomical, neurochemical, behavioral, and neuropathological features of PD. In addition, recent studies demonstrated that rotenone induced neuropathological change not only in the central nervous system but also in the peripheral nervous system in animals. In this article, we review rotenone models especially focused on reproducibility of central and peripheral multiple features of PD. This review also highlights utility of rotenone models for investigation of PD pathogenesis and development of disease-modifying drugs for PD in future.

scholarly journals What Is the Evidence that Parkinson’s Disease Is a Prion Disorder, Which Originates in the Gut?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kujawska ◽  
Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
The Brain

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). PD is characterized by motor dysfunctions as well as gastrointestinal symptoms and mental impairment. The pathological hallmark of PD is an accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein aggregates within the brain. The etiology of PD and related synucleinopathy is poorly understood, but recently, the hypothesis that α-synuclein pathology spreads in a prion-like fashion originating in the gut has gained much scientific attention. A crucial clue was the appearance of constipation before the onset of motor symptoms, gut dysbiosis and synucleinopathy in PD patients. Another line of evidence, demonstrating accumulation of α-synuclein within the peripheral autonomic nervous system (PANS), including the enteric nervous system (ENS), and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) support the concept that α-synuclein can spread from the ENS to the brain by the vagus nerve. The decreased risk of PD following truncal vagotomy supports this. The convincing evidence of the prion-like behavior of α-synuclein came from postmortem observations that pathological α-synuclein inclusions appeared in healthy grafted neurons. In this review, we summarize the available data from human subjects’ research and animal experiments, which seem to be the most suggestive for explaining the hypotheses.

scholarly journals Depression induces bone loss through stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

2006 ◽  
Vol 103 (45) ◽  
pp. 16876-16881 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Yirmiya ◽  
I. Goshen ◽  
A. Bajayo ◽  
T. Kreisel ◽  
S. Feldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Prevalence of Central Nervous System–Active Polypharmacy Among Older Adults With Dementia in the US

JAMA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 325 (10) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Donovan T. Maust ◽  
Julie Strominger ◽  
H. Myra Kim ◽  
Kenneth M. Langa ◽  
Julie P. W. Bynum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Us

scholarly journals Characterization of wind power resource in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 7305-7364
Author(s):  
U. B. Gunturu ◽  
C. A. Schlosser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Level Crossing Rate ◽  
The Us ◽  
Summary Representation ◽  
Wind Resource ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Era

Abstract. Wind resource in the continental and offshore United States has been reconstructed and characterized using metrics that describe, apart from abundance, its availability, persistence and intermittency. The Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) boundary layer flux data has been used to construct wind profile at 50 m, 80 m, 100 m, 120 m turbine hub heights. The wind power density (WPD) estimates at 50 m are qualitatively similar to those in the US wind atlas developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), but quantitatively a class less in some regions, but are within the limits of uncertainty. The wind speeds at 80 m were quantitatively and qualitatively close to the NREL wind map. The possible reasons for overestimation by NREL have been discussed. For long tailed distributions like those of the WPD, the mean is an overestimation and median is suggested for summary representation of the wind resource. The impact of raising the wind turbine hub height on metrics of abundance, persistence, variability and intermittency is analyzed. There is a general increase in availability and abundance of wind resource but there is an increase in intermittency in terms of level crossing rate in low resource regions.

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