scholarly journals Head Impact Injury Mitigation to Vehicle Occupants: An Investigation of Interior Padding and Head Form Modeling Options against Vehicle Crash

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ermias G. Koricho ◽  
Elizabeth Dimsdale
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Impact Load ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vehicle Crash ◽  
Materials Modeling ◽  
Head Form ◽  
The Brain

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) occur approximately 1.7 million times each year in the U.S., with motor vehicle crashes as the second leading cause of TBI-related hospitalizations, and the first leading cause of TBI-related deaths among specific age groups. Several studies have been conducted to better understand the impact on the brain in vehicle crash scenarios. However, the complexity of the head is challenging to replicate numerically the head response during vehicle crash and the resulting traumatic Brain Injury. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effect of vehicle structural padding and head form modeling representation on the head response and the resulting causation and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). In this study, a simplified and complex head forms with various geometries and materials including the skull, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), neck, and muscle were considered to better understand and predict the behavior of each part and their effect on the response of the brain during an impact scenario. The effect of padding thickness was also considered to further analyze the interaction of vehicle structure and the head response. The numeral results revealed that the responses of the head skull and the brain under impact load were highly influenced by the padding thickness, head skull material modeling and assumptions, and neck compliance. Generally, the current work could be considered an alternative insight to understand the correlation between vehicle structural padding, head forms, and materials modeling techniques, and TBI resulted from a vehicle crash.

scholarly journals Lack of mitochondrial ferritin aggravated neurological deficits via enhancing oxidative stress in a traumatic brain injury murine model

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligang Wang ◽  
Libo Wang ◽  
Zhibo Dai ◽  
Pei Wu ◽  
Huaizhang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Brain Infarction ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Important Correlation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mitochondrial ferritin (Ftmt) is reported to be closely related to oxidative stress. However, whether Ftmt is involved in TBI-induced oxidative stress and neurological deficits remains unknown. In the present study, the controlled cortical impact model was established in wild-type and Ftmt knockout mice as a TBI model. The Ftmt expression, oxidative stress, neurological deficits, and brain injury were measured. We found that Ftmt expression was gradually decreased from 3 to 14 days post-TBI, while oxidative stress was gradually increased, as evidenced by reduced GSH and superoxide dismutase levels and elevated malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. Interestingly, the extent of reduced Ftmt expression in the brain was linearly correlated with oxidative stress. Knockout of Ftmt significantly exacerbated TBI-induced oxidative stress, intracerebral hemorrhage, brain infarction, edema, neurological severity score, memory impairment, and neurological deficits. However, all these effects in Ftmt knockout mice were markedly mitigated by pharmacological inhibition of oxidative stress using an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. Taken together, these results reveal an important correlation between Ftmt and oxidative stress after TBI. Ftmt deficiency aggravates TBI-induced brain injuries and neurological deficits, which at least partially through increasing oxidative stress levels. Our data suggest that Ftmt may be a promising molecular target for the treatment of TBI.

scholarly journals Traumatic Brain Injury Related Hospitalization and Mortality in California

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clint Lagbas ◽  
Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi ◽  
Magda Shaheen ◽  
Dulcie Kermah ◽  
Deyu Pan
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Elderly Male ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Vehicle Accidents

Objective. The aim of this study is to describe the traumatic brain injury (TBI) population and causes and identify factors associated with TBI hospitalizations and mortality in California.Methods. This is a cross-sectional study of 61,188 patients with TBI from the California Hospital Discharge Data 2001 to 2009. We used descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses in SAS version 9.3.Results. TBI-related hospitalizations decreased by 14% and mortality increased by 19% from 2001 to 2009. The highest percentages of TBI hospitalizations were due to other causes (38.4%), falls (31.2%), being of age≥75years old (37.2%), being a males (58.9%), and being of Medicare patients (44%). TBIs due to falls were found in those age≤4years old (53.5%),≥75years old (44.0%), and females (37.2%). TBIs due to assaults were more frequent in Blacks (29.0%). TBIs due to motor vehicle accidents were more frequent in 15–19 and 20–24 age groups (48.7% and 48.6%, resp.) and among Hispanics (27.8%). Higher odds of mortality were found among motor vehicle accident category (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.27, 95% CI: 1.14–1.41); males (AOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.27–1.46); and the≥75-year-old group (AOR: 6.4, 95% CI: 4.9–8.4).Conclusions. Our findings suggest a decrease in TBI-related hospitalizations but an increase in TBI-related mortality during the study period. The majority of TBI-related hospitalizations was due to other causes and falls and was more frequent in the older, male, and Medicare populations. The higher likelihood of TBI-related mortalities was found among elderly male≥75years old who had motor vehicle accidents. Our data can inform practitioners, prevention planners, educators, service sectors, and policy makers who aim to reduce the burden of TBI in the community. Implications for interventions are discussed.

Treating Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Combining Neurofeedback and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in a Single Case Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 155005942110682
Author(s):  
Rebecca D White ◽  
Robert P Turner ◽  
Noah Arnold ◽  
Annie Bernica ◽  
Brigitte N Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Treatment Center

In 2014, a 26-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident resulting in a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The patient sustained a closed-head left temporal injury with coup contrecoup impact to the frontal region. The patient underwent a left side craniotomy and was comatose for 26 days. After gaining consciousness, he was discharged to a brain injury treatment center that worked with physical, speech, and occupational issues. He was discharged after eight months with significant speech, ambulation, spasticity, and cognitive issues as well as the onset of posttraumatic epilepsy. His parents sought hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) from a doctor in Louisiana. After 165 dives, the HBOT doctor recommended an addition of neurofeedback (NFB) therapy. In March 2019 the patient started NFB therapy intermixed with HBOT. The combination of NFB and HBOT improved plasticity and functionality in the areas of injury and the correlated symptoms including short-term memory, personality, language, and executive function, as well as significantly reducing the incidence of seizures. Severe brain injuries often leave lasting deficits with little hope for major recovery and there is a need for further research into long-term, effective neurological treatments for severe brain injuries. These results suggest that HBOT combined with NFB may be a viable option in treating severe brain injuries and should be investigated.

scholarly journals Cervical Spine Imaging and Injuries in Young Children With Non-Motor Vehicle Crash-Associated Traumatic Brain Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Katherine Henry ◽  
Benjamin French ◽  
Chris Feudtner ◽  
Mark R. Zonfrillo ◽  
Daniel M. Lindberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Vehicle Crash ◽  
Spine Imaging

scholarly journals Elevated Serum Protein S100B and Neuron Specific Enolase Values as Predictors of Early Neurological Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branislava Stefanović ◽  
Olivera Đurić ◽  
Sanja Stanković ◽  
Srđan Mijatović ◽  
Krstina Doklestić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Neurological Outcome ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
Protein S100b ◽  
The Brain

SummaryBackground: The objective of our study was to determine the serum concentrations of protein S100B and neuron specific enolase (NSE) as well as their ability and accuracy in the prediction of early neurological outcome after a traumatic brain injury. Methods: A total of 130 polytraumatized patients with the associated traumatic brain injuries were included in this prospective cohort study. Serum protein S100B and NSE levels were measured at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the injury. Early neurological outcome was scored by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) on day 14 after the brain injury. Results: The protein S100B concentrations were maximal at 6 hours after the injury, which was followed by an abrupt fall, and subsequently slower release in the following two days with continual and significantly increased values (p<0.0001) in patients with poor outcome. Secondary increase in protein S100B at 72 hours was recorded in patients with lethal outcome (GOS 1). Dynamics of NSE changes was characterized by a secondary increase in concentrations at 72 hours after the injury in patients with poor outcome. Conclusion: Both markers have good predictive ability for poor neurological outcome, although NSE provides better discriminative potential at 72 hours after the brain injury, while protein S100B has better discriminative potential for mortality prediction.

scholarly journals Lifetime costs of traumatic brain injury identified in the emergency department in Ontario

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. S39-S39
Author(s):  
T Fu ◽  
R Jing ◽  
M Cusimano
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Lifetime Costs ◽  
Ed Visits

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, yet there is limited research on its economic burden. We estimated the incidence and lifetime costs of TBI identified in the Emergency Department (ED) in Ontario, Canada between April 2009 and March 2010. Methods: ED visits for TBI were identified using a population-based database that is mandatory for ambulatory care facilities in Ontario. The authors calculated unit costs for medical treatment and productivity loss, and multiplied these by incidence estimates to determine the lifetime costs of identified TBI cases. Results: In 2009, there were over 133,000 ED visits for TBI in Ontario, resulting in a conservative estimate of $945 million in total lifetime costs. Costs were greater for males than females across nearly all age groups, with males incurring two-fold higher costs overall. Together, falls ($407 million), struck by/against ($309 million), and motor vehicle injuries ($161 million) represented 93% of lifetime costs associated with TBI. Conclusions: This study revealed a high incidence and economic burden associated with TBI identified in the ED. More research is needed to fully appreciate the burden of TBI across a variety of healthcare settings.

scholarly journals Drebrin controls scar formation and astrocyte reactivity upon traumatic brain injury by regulating membrane trafficking

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Schiweck ◽  
Kai Murk ◽  
Julia Ledderose ◽  
Agnieszka Münster-Wandowski ◽  
Marta Ornaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Damage Control ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Actin Binding ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe brain of mammals lacks a significant ability to regenerate neurons and is thus particularly vulnerable. To protect the brain from injury and disease, damage control by astrocytes through astrogliosis and scar formation is vital. Here, we show that brain injury in mice triggers an immediate upregulation of the actin-binding protein Drebrin (DBN) in astrocytes, which is essential for scar formation and maintenance of astrocyte reactivity. In turn, DBN loss leads to defective astrocyte scar formation and excessive neurodegeneration following brain injuries. At the cellular level, we show that DBN switches actin homeostasis from ARP2/3-dependent arrays to microtubule-compatible scaffolds, facilitating the formation of RAB8-positive membrane tubules. This injury-specific RAB8 membrane compartment serves as hub for the trafficking of surface proteins involved in astrogliosis and adhesion mediators, such as β1-integrin. Our work shows that DBN-mediated membrane trafficking in astrocytes is an important neuroprotective mechanism following traumatic brain injury in mice.

scholarly journals Retroclival and spinal subdural hematoma after traumatic brain injury - A case report and literature review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl Solorio-Pineda ◽  
Adriana Ailed Nieves-Valerdi ◽  
José Alfonso Franco-Jiménez ◽  
Guillermo Axayacalt Gutiérrez-Aceves ◽  
Luis Manuel Buenrostro-Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Spinal Subdural Hematoma

Background: Retroclival hematomas are rare and occur mostly in the pediatric population. They are variously attributed to trauma, apoplexy, and vascular lesions. With motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), the mechanism of traumatic injury is forced flexion and extension. There may also be associated cervical spinal and/or clivus fractures warranting fusion. Case Description: A 35-year-old male sustained a traumatic brain injury after a fall of 5 m at work. His Glasgow coma scale (GCS) on admission was 13 (M6V3O4). He had no cranial nerve deficits. The brain computed tomography (CT) showed a retroclival subdural hematoma that extended to the C2 level. Conclusions: Most retroclival hematomas are attributed to MVAs, and cranial CT and magnetic resonance studies typically demonstrate a combination of posterior fossa hemorrhage with retroclival hematomas (intra or extradural). Patients with retroclival hematomas but high GCS scores on admission usually have better prognoses following traumatic brain injuries attributed to MVA. Notable however is the frequent association with additional cervical and/or craniocervical injuries (e.g. such as odontoid fracture) that may warrant surgery/fusión.

scholarly journals Analysis of Neuron Specific Enolase Serum Levels in Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1218-1222
Author(s):  
Yuliarni Syafrita ◽  
Nora Fitri
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
P Value ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
The Brain

Background : Traumatic brain injury is still the main cause of death and disability in productive age. Assessment the level of consciousness and imaging examinations after a brain injury can not always describe the severity of damage in the brain, this is because the pathological process is still ongoing due to secondary brain injury. Therefore, it is necessary to examine biomarkers that can describe the severity of the pathological process that occurs. The purpose of this study was to assess serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels and their relationship to the severity and outcome of a traumatic brain injury. Methods : A cross sectional design was conducted in the emergency department of DR M Djamil Hospital, Padang. There were 72 patients who met the inclusion criteria. A Glasgow Coma Scale examination was performed to assess the severity of brain injury and examination of NSE serum levels at 48 hours post- injury using ELISA technique and assess the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) at 6 weeks post-injury. Data analysis using SPSS 22 program, the results are significance if the p value <0.05  Results : The average NSE level was higher in severe brain injuries than moderate and mild brain injuries and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).  The NSE serum levels were higher in poor outcomes than in good outcomes and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).  Conclusion : High NSE serum levels in the acute phase were associated with the severity of the brain injury and poor outcome 6 weeks after the brain injury. 

Diagnostic features of traumatic brain injury in childhood

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariy Lazarevna Chukhlovina
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Radiological Criteria ◽  
Trauma Diagnostics ◽  
The Brain

The review article concerns some issues of improved diagnostics and main neuro-radiological criteria of traumatic brain injuries in childhood. Special attention is given to anatomic and physiological features of brain in children, aiming for proper evaluation of severity in traumatic brain injury. We provide a summary of data concerning modern echniques of brain trauma diagnostics, and its consequences in children. Utility of neurovisualization, electrophysiological techniques, biochemical approaches for detecting the brain damage biomarkers, demonstrated in order to determine severity of brain trauma in childhood.

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