scholarly journals Milk Quality, Somatic Cell Count, and Economics of Dairy Goats Farm in the Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Rychtarova ◽  
Zuzana Krupova ◽  
Michaela Brzakova ◽  
Marketa Borkova ◽  
Ondrej Elich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk

Mammary gland anatomy in small ruminants is very similar to that of cows; however, milk synthesis throughout lactation exhibits many functional particularities in small ruminants compared with that of cows. Goat’s milk is beneficial for human nutrition owing to the fatty acid composition, fat globule size, and conjugated linoleic acid content. As a raw material for dairy products, goat’s milk must be safe for human consumption. The number of mesophilic microorganisms, somatic cells, and selected mastitis pathogens should be limited. A prerequisite for the production of milk of high hygienic quality is the health of the mammary gland. Goat’s milk processing into cheese and other products is in the Czech Republic mostly performed on farms, partly for direct sales to consumers and partly for supplying selected stores. Revenues from dairy commodities represent the most important source of income for dairy goat farms. Mammary gland health has an important effect on the economics of dairy goat farms. Profitability can fall by up to 1/3 owing to indirect effects of udder health problems.

scholarly journals Microbiological quality of raw milk in the Czech Republic

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdanovičová Kateřina ◽  
Vyletělová-Klimešová Marcela ◽  
Babák Vladimír ◽  
Kalhotka Libor ◽  
Koláčková Ivana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

The microbiological and hygienic quality of cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk in the Czech Republic was evaluated. Milk (230 samples) was collected on 41 farms and investigated from May 2012 to October 2014. Milk was analysed for the presence of selected groups and types of bacteria: mesophilic microorganisms (total plate count – TPC), enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes. Besides these indicators and pathogenic agents, somatic cell count was determined as one of the indicators of mammary gland health in cows. TPC ranged between 8.3 × 10<sup>2 </sup>and 1.2 × 10<sup>9</sup> CFU/ml and somatic cells between 1.6 × 10<sup>4</sup> and 6.8 × 10<sup>6 </sup>cells/ml. The presence of E. coli was confirmed in 86.3% of samples and the colony counts ranged from 1.0 × 10<sup>1 </sup>to 4.0 × 10<sup>6 </sup>CFU/ml. The presence of verotoxigenic E. coli was confirmed in 3 samples (1.3%) (cow’s milk 0%; goat’s milk 6.3%; sheep’s milk 4.4%). The presence of S. aureus was confirmed in 29.1% of the samples (cow’s milk 26.9%; goat’s milk 34.4%; sheep’s milk 39.1%), but the numbers were very low (&lt; 5.0 × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU/ml). L. monocytogenes was confirmed in 3 examined samples (1.3%) (cow’s milk 0.6%; goat’s milk 3.1%; sheep’s milk 4.4%). Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. were not detected in any of the samples tested.

scholarly journals Microbiological quality and safety of goat’s milk from one farm

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šárka Cupáková ◽  
Markéta Pospíšilová ◽  
Renáta Karpíšková ◽  
Bohumíra Janštová ◽  
Lenka Vorlová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk

In recent years, the popularity of goat’s milk and goat’s milk products has been growing in the Czech Republic, especially for its low allergenic potential and good digestibility. This study focused on the assessment of the microbiological quality and safety of raw and heat-treated goat’s milk. During the lactation period, total of 48 samples of raw and 40 samples of pasteurized goat’s milk were collected on a goat’s farm in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. Quantitative analysis was performed to determine the total plate count (TPC) and coagulase-positive (CP) staphylococci count. The presence of E. coli including E. coli O157, CP staphylococci, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. was detected. The monthly average TPC ranged from 4.53 to 5.21 log CFU.ml−1 in raw milk and from 2.36 to 3.71 log CFU.ml−1 in pasteurized milk. Thirty (75.0%) S. aureus isolates from raw milk carried the sec gene, two (5.0%) were positive for the genes seb, seg, sei, and one (2.5%) harboured the seg and sei genes. Pasteurized goat’s milk samples yielded a single isolate of S. aureus carriyng the sec gene. One isolate of E. coli serotype O156 producing ST1 toxin was recovered from raw milk. B. cereus was detected only in two pasteurized goat’s milk samples. Any other pathogens monitored were not detected. In this study, shigatoxin-producing E. coli O156 was detected in raw goat’s milk for the first time in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Changes in the concentrations.of the minor Constituents of goat's milk during starvation and on refeeding of the lactating animal and their relationship to mammary gland metabolism

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Chaiyabutr ◽  
Anne Faulkner ◽  
M. Peaker
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Minor Constituents ◽  
Hexose Phosphate ◽  
Golgi Vesicles ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk

1. Changes in the concentrations of the minor constituents of goat's milk were observed during 48 h starvation and on refeeding.2. The concentrations of hexose phosphate and UDP-hexoses increased during starvation and decreased on refeeding.3. The concentrations of phosphoenolpyruvate and glycerate 3-phosphate decreased during starvation and increased on refeeding.4. Isocitrate: 2-oxoglutarate increased during starvation and decreased on refeeding.5. Changes in the minor constituents of milk can be explained in terms of the metabolic changes occurring in the mammary gland during starvation. It is proposed that changes in the concentrations of these metabolites in milk reflect changes in their concentrations in the cytosol or Golgi vesicles of the mammary gland.

scholarly journals Sustainable management of mountain forests in the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vacek ◽  
V. Balcar
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
The Czech Republic

Forest management in the Czech Republic (CR) was not shaped in the environment of natural forests but in the territory that was influenced by unregulated felling and animal grazing for a long time. Hence the fear for sustainable and balanced benefits from forests endangered by long-term uncontrolled exploitation was legitimate. Almost after three centuries of application of the sustainability principle, forests are considered not only as a source of renewable wood raw material but also as a tool of the environment formation. Mountain forests are an important landscape component of this country. They are an object of specific importance from the aspect of natural environment conservation, stabilization of natural processes and general landscape homeostasis. In addition, they fulfil a number of production and non-production functions. Cardinal elements of sustainable forest management in the CR conditions are as follows: management of the forest as an ecosystem, i.e. transition from exclusive care of forest tree species and their stands to care of the whole forest ecosystems; restructuring (conversion, reconstruction) of damaged and declining forests; optimum (species, genetic, spatial, age) structure of forest ecosystems differentiated according to site conditions and management targets; differentiated transition from general management to group or individual methods; utilization and support of spontaneous processes such as natural regeneration, competition and other principles of self-regulation. The above cardinal elements of sustainable forest management are applicable to forests of the CR in general, but their importance considerably increases in mountain forests where many species survive on the margin of subsistence. Moreover, mountain forests of CR have been heavily destroyed by anthropogenic factors, especially air-pollution ecological stresses, during the last three or four decades.

scholarly journals Časně eneolitické depozitum v Bílých Karpatech na moravsko-slovenském pomezí

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Peška
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Metal Detector ◽  
Copper Strip ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
White Carpathians

In 2017, a relatively small copper artefact hoard was found using a metal detector just a few metres from the border between the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. This was on a distinctive slope on the Moravian side of the White Carpathians, at a relatively high altitude (746 m) in the cadastral area of the municipality of Lopeník. The hoard was lent for documenting by the finder and then returned to them. It contained three flat Jordanów type axes, a Şiria type hammer axe (only the second find in Moravia) and, most probably, raw material in a unique form of two discs of flat copper strip coiled into the shape of a pyramidal spiral. Some of the items were made of pure copper (with the presumed source in the southern part of the Carpathian Basin), some of a material similar to Nógrádmarcal antimony copper, forwhich a Slovak origin is considered. Based on the presence of several Jordanów type axes, we date the hoard to the Early Eneolithic and link it to the bearers of the Jordanów culture. Due to its location, the hoard is further distinctive evidence of transport corridors passing from the Carpathian Basin via the White Carpathians, where most parallels to the artefacts under study have been found. The presence of the two “strip material” discs is completely atypical.

scholarly journals Iodine content development in raw cow’s milk in three regions of the Czech Republic between the years 2008 and 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
Roman Konečný ◽  
Zuzana Křížová ◽  
Jan Hladký ◽  
Jitka Kautská ◽  
Lucie Hasoňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Current State ◽  
Content Development ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

The study examines an analysis and evaluation of iodine content in raw cow’s milk in three regions of the Czech Republic between the years 2008 and 2018. Bulk milk samples were collected at dairy farms situated in South Bohemia, Central Bohemia, and the Vysočina Region. Iodine in milk was determined on the basis of alkaline ashing, using the spectrophotometric method according to Sandell-Kolthoff. The highest mean iodine content was measured in 2009 (485.5 ± 408.2 μg/l) and the lowest in 2016 (169.2 ± 71.7 μg/l). Since 2010 there has been a gradual decline of iodine concentration, from 479.5 ± 304.9 μg/l in 2010 to 231.2 ± 63.5 μg/l in 2018. A similar decreasing tendency was recorded in all the monitored regions. The percentage of samples containing iodine above 500 μg/l was on the decrease (37% in 2009; 0% in 2016–2018) and less than 80 μg/l (8% in 2009; 0% in 2017–2018). The current state corresponds to the requirements for iodine content in milk for human consumption. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous iodine content checks in milk and the related adjustments of iodine supplementation to the feeding rations of dairy cows.

TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CAMEMBERT CHEESE MADE FROM COW’S AND GOAT’S MILK

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
K.A. KANINA ◽  
◽  
N.A. ZHIZHIN ◽  
YE.S. SEMYONOVA ◽  
O.N. PASTUKH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
White Mould ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk ◽  
Camembert Cheese ◽  
Physical And Chemical

For the production of elite cheeses with mould, the basic raw material is cow’s milk, but goat’s milk is also of increasing interest. Goat milk has a high protein and fat content, is rich in vitamins, macro- and microelements. Therefore, the object of the study was represented by cow’s milk obtained from the Jersey cows and goat’s milk obtained from goats of the Saanen breed. According to physical and chemical parameters, the milk of cows and goats of these breeds was characterized by a high content of fat and protein, which affect the yield and quality of cheese. The goat milk cheese clot had a more delicate structure during the formation of the cheese layer and a sharp taste due to the different composition of medium-chain fatty acids. In the process of cheese ripening, changes in a number of physicochemical parameters such as cheese acidity, mass fraction of moisture, and amino acid composition of the protein are observed. On the 7–19th day of ripening, a cheese head gets covered with white mold, the cheese consistency becomes softer, and it starts smelling with a “mushroom” hue. Starting from the 15–22nd day, the cheese is completely covered with white mould and gets a smearing texture under the crust. Cheese made from goat’s milk have a more delicate consistency and structure of the cheese layer than those made from cow’s milk, which is most likely due to biochemical processes that occur when cheese is ripened.

scholarly journals The Level of the Wood Raw Material Base Processing in the Czech Republic

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kupčák Václav ◽  
Pek Richard
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
The Czech Republic

An Early Upper Palaeolithic decorated bone tubular rod from Pod Hradem Cave, Czech Republic

Antiquity ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (339) ◽  
pp. 30-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Wright ◽  
Ladislav Nejman ◽  
Francesco d'Errico ◽  
Miroslav Králík ◽  
Rachel Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Tubular Bone ◽  
Bayesian Modelling ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Human Identity ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Early Upper

Personal ornaments are a notable feature of the Early Upper Palaeolithic in Europe and an important expression of modern human identity. The tubular bone rod from Pod Hradem Cave in the Czech Republic is the first example of its kind from Central Europe. Laboratory examination reveals the techniques used in its manufacture and underlines the skill of its maker. AMS dates and Bayesian modelling suggest a cultural association with the Early Aurignacian period. It illustrates the cultural links across large areas of Europe at this time, although it is unique in its specific combination of size, raw material and decorative features.

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