scholarly journals GDP Almost Perfectly Predicts Survival

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon G. Bechtel ◽  
Timothy Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Fractional Polynomial ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Human Effects ◽  
One Year

This article extends results reported by Bechtel, G. and Bechtel, T. (2021). These previous findings induce the hypothesis confirmed here; namely, that gross domestic product GDP nearly perfectly predicts survival in the world’s entire population. The fractional polynomial regressions here are run over the pre-pandemic period 1991–2016. During the subsequent pandemic, the American Center for Disease Control reported that life expectancy at birth in the USA dropped one year during the first six months of 2020, the largest drop since World War 11. The drops in African and Hispanic life expectancy at birth during this period were 2.7 and 1.9 years (Aljazeera; Democracy Now, February 18, 2021). The USA is the worst covid-19-effected population. It is now imperative to confirm that life expectancy at birth is well predicted from GDP in all nations over 1991–2018. This pre-pandemic control for each nation will accurately calibrate it’s subsequent yearly survival drops due to Covid-19. This is especially important in light of the trade war between the United States and China, which has increased the need for accurate measurement of the human effects of this war.

scholarly journals United States involvement in Vietnam from 1950 to 1959

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Phuong Vu Thu Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
World War ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Vietnam War

The end of World War II led to fundamental changes in the international situation, posing problems for the victor nations which had to abandon the colonial system outdated and inconsistent with objectives. However, giving up interests in the colonies seemed hardly possible for the capitalist powers. France plotted to return to Vietnam to restore colonial rule. The USA went from having no interest in the return of France to backing France, and finally exerting deep intervention and direct involvement in the Vietnam War. This paper gives an outline of the United States involvement in Vietnam from 1950 to 1959.

scholarly journals Social ecology of intelligence and suicide in the United States revisited

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
National Assessment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa

State and oversea territory scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) domains of Mathematics, Reading, Science, and Writing (grades 4 and 8, averaged across assessments 1992-2005) were not reliably related to the suicide rates of these geographical units. The ecological (aggregate-level) correlations were modest, ranging from -.11 to .10, and did not change with controls for regional affluence (gross domestic product). While positive ecological correlations between regional intelligence and suicide mortality have been reported within several other countries (Austria, Belarus, Denmark, Ireland and The United Kingdom, and The Netherlands), the current results add to the inconsistent findings from four previous related studies (by Abel and Kruger and by Voracek) about the direction and magnitude of this correlation within the USA. Possible reasons for this conflicting set of findings and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals G.I. BILL OF RIGHTS: IMPACT ON THE IMAGE OF THE VETERAN IN COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
M. Bazaieva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
World War Ii Veterans ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government

The article explores the incipience of veterans' policies in the United States of America during 1940-1956. This period is notable in veterans' history. This is caused not only by social realities after World War II but by the implementation of brand-new fundamental principles in process of forming veterans' policies. These principles opened a new page in interactions between the government and the veteran community. The article analyzes drafting the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the G.I. Bill of Rights, as well as public discussions around it initiated by President Roosevelt's Administration. One of the main actors of the process was American Legion, influential conservative veterans' organization. The law presented by Legion was passed by Congress. The Act took effect on June 22, 1944, and lasted until 1956. G.I. Bill of Rights guaranteed numerous benefits for veterans in variable spheres of social policies, including medical care, education, housing and business loans, unemployment compensations. The most significant effect had educational programs of G.I. Bill. About 8 million American veterans, including women and African Americans, exercised their right to attend schools, colleges, and universities. Educational programs had great implications both for the veterans' population and social affairs, especially the educational system in the United States. Higher education became more widespread and democratic after the implementation of the G.I. Bill. World War II veterans had the opportunity to realize their potential in different fields, in particular in the political area. G.I. Bill of Rights had a great impact on forming the image of the veteran in the USA. The Act demonstrated the new role of veterans' policies in the context of government activities. Besides, thanks to the educational programs of the G.I. Bill veteran community became a proactive social group that played an important role in the US policy-making in the second half of the 20th century.

scholarly journals The reception of penicillin in Portugal during World War II: cooperation with Brazil and the United States of America

2015 ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Victoria Bell ◽  
Ana Leonor Pereira ◽  
João Rui Pita
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Usa

The discovery of penicillin in 1928 and its introduction as therapeutic agent in the 1940’s significantly altered the prognosis of infectious diseases and represented the starting point for research that led to the discovery of other antibiotics. Portugal was one of the first European countries, non-participant in the II World War, to obtain penicillin for civilian use. World production of the antibiotic was scarce and military forces and government appointed research centers absorbed the limited amount available. Good diplomatic relations between Portugal, Brazil and the United States of America (USA) were decisive in attaining penicillin for our country. In May of 1944, the Brazilian government offered Portugal 12 vials of penicillin. During the summer of 1944, as the Portuguese and American governments negotiated the use of the Lages military base in the Azores, they also discussed the terms regarding a regular supply of penicillin for Portugal. In order to import penicillin from the USA, Portugal was obliged to establish a controlling committee to oversee the allocation and distribution of the antibiotic. The Portuguese Red Cross played a major role in this event, on July 26, 1944 the humanitarian institution appointed the Junta Consultiva para a Distribuição de Penicilina em Portugal (JCDPP) to act as a controlling committee. The first allotment of 700 vials, each containing 100 000 units of penicillin, arrived at Lisbon airport on September 8, 1944. In January 1945, the US government increased the monthly allotment to 1000 vials and in March 1945 to 1500 vials. As world production of penicillin increased, controlling committees were no longer necessary. In June 1945, the Portuguese Red Cross terminated the JCDPP and the Portuguese pharmaceutical industry began to import the antibiotic. Cooperation with Brazil and the USA was vital for Portugal to attain penicillin. It enabled the antibiotic to become available to the Portuguese civilian population when its use was still restricted to the military forces. The in advanced acquisition of penicillin in Portugal that resulted from nation cooperation saved many lives to and initiated a new era in the treatment of infectious diseases.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_9

scholarly journals Latin America as a region of the contradiction of the USA and Germany interests during the First World War

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Gennady Kazakov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
American Continent ◽  
World War ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
First World

In the article, the author considers the issues of the collision of interests of the United States of America and Germany in the Latin American region during the First World War. The confrontation had a diplomatic character and consisted in refusing to “penetrate” German capital and the physical presence of German troops in the countries of the Latin American region. According to the official American political ideology of pan-Americanism, there was a tacit agreement that the United States did not interfere in the affairs of Europe, and Europe, in turn, did not try to penetrate the American continent, leaving it in the sphere of the USA influence. With the beginning of the First World War, the German presence in the region increased. Moreover, the American government, on the contrary, proposed to close the American continent for citizens of European states. The main issue caused to controversy between the USA and Germany was the use of Latin American ports as temporary parking, as well as the strengthening of trade relations between the countries of South America and Germany. In the course of such actions by the American administration, Germany lost the Latin American market. The above events led to tweaking German agents, government of countries from this region against the United States. This was particularly evident in the Mexican issue, where the German government supported the opposition bloc, and then tried to persuade Mexico to declare war on the United States. The conduct of the Pan-American Conference strengthened the role of the United States in the countries of the region and led to the displacement of Germany from the region. While writing the article we come to the conclusion that the contradictions arose in the region became one of the most important reasons for the declaration of war against Germany by the USA government.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Mortality

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Cutler ◽  
Angus Deaton ◽  
Adriana Lleras-Muney
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Good Theory ◽  
World War ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The World

The pleasures of life are worth nothing if one is not alive to experience them. Through the twentieth century in the United States and other high-income countries, growth in real incomes was accompanied by a historically unprecedented decline in mortality rates that caused life expectancy at birth to grow by nearly 30 years. In the years just after World War II, life expectancy gaps between countries were falling across the world. Poor countries enjoyed rapid increases in life-expectancy through the 1970s, with the gains in some cases exceeding an additional year of life expectancy per year, though the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the transition in Russia and Eastern Europe have changed that situation. We investigate the determinants of the historical decline in mortality, of differences in mortality across countries, and of differences in mortality across groups within countries. A good theory of mortality should explain all of the facts we will outline. No such theory exists at present, but at the end of the paper we will sketch a tentative synthesis.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on excess mortality, life expectancy, and years of life lost in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256835
Author(s):  
Eunice Y. S. Chan ◽  
Davy Cheng ◽  
Janet Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Historical Life ◽  
Excess Deaths

This paper quantifies the net impact (direct and indirect effects) of the pandemic on the United States population in 2020 using three metrics: excess deaths, life expectancy, and total years of life lost. The findings indicate there were 375,235 excess deaths, with 83% attributable to direct, and 17% attributable to indirect effects of COVID-19. The decrease in life expectancy was 1.67 years, translating to a reversion of 14 years in historical life expectancy gains. Total years of life lost in 2020 was 7,362,555 across the USA (73% directly attributable, 27% indirectly attributable to COVID-19), with considerable heterogeneity at the individual state level.

Kala-Azar Imported into the USA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-475
Author(s):  
James H. Zavoral ◽  
James T. Paloucek ◽  
Robert C. Yaeger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
The Usa

Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis, is not an indigenous disease in the United States. Prior to 1945, only nine cases had been reported in this country. Several reports following World War II, estimated that 50 to 75 cases had occurred in American servicemen who had been stationed overseas. Since World War II only three cases have been reported in the United States. Two cases of Kala-azar which were diagnosed in the United States are presented. Leishmania donovani is discussed to alert physicians to the presence of this parasite as a cause of a potentially fatal disease. The children were probably infected with the organism in Spain.

“The Difference Between No. 1 1928 and No. 1 1930 Is Great Indeed.”

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 15-39
Author(s):  
William deJong Lambert ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Early Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Soviet Academy ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

This article chronicles the correspondence between Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975) and his colleagues in the USSR in the years following his arrival in the United States on what was to have been a one-year fellowship working in the laboratory of T.H. Morgan at Columbia University. These letters chronicle a period during which Dobzhansky not only realized the enormous potential of Drosophila genetics for unlocking the secrets of evolution, but also that con­tinuing this research would require finding a way to remain in the United States longer than either the Soviet Academy of Sciences, or the Rockefeller Foundation, would allow. Dobzhansky’s exchanges during this period with mentors such as Yuri Filipchenko and Nikolai Vavilov, as well as fellow students and colleagues such as Nikolai Medvedev, highlight the precarious game Dobzhansky played as he attempted to appear eager to return to his homeland, while secretly maneuvering to delay it. By the time it was over Filipchenko would die an early death of meningitis and Vavilov—who had originally been urging Dobzhansky to return and contribute to development of genetics in Russia—would now advise him to remain in the USA. Dobzhansky was nearly forced to return to the USSR after a routine trip to Canada to renew his visa, an outcome that would surely have resulted in imprisonment or worse. In the end he was allowed to stay, however Dobzhansky’s defection was so resented by the Soviet regime that even decades later he would remain an “un-person” in his homeland, whose name and contributions were never officially acknowledged during his lifetime, and his attempts at reconciliation were rejected.

scholarly journals Quantifying and explaining variation in life expectancy at census tract, county, and state levels in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17688-17694
Author(s):  
Antonio Fernando Boing ◽  
Alexandra Crispim Boing ◽  
Jack Cordes ◽  
Rockli Kim ◽  
S. V. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Federal Poverty Line

Studies on geographic inequalities in life expectancy in the United States have exclusively focused on single-level analyses of aggregated data at state or county level. This study develops a multilevel perspective to understanding variation in life expectancy by simultaneously modeling the geographic variation at the levels of census tracts (CTs), counties, and states. We analyzed data from 65,662 CTs, nested within 3,020 counties and 48 states (plus District of Columbia). The dependent variable was age-specific life expectancy observed in each of the CTs. We also considered the following CT-level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as independent variables: population density; proportions of population who are black, who are single parents, who are below the federal poverty line, and who are aged 25 or older who have a bachelor's degree or higher; and median household income. Of the total geographic variation in life expectancy at birth, 70.4% of the variation was attributed to CTs, followed by 19.0% for states and 10.7% for counties. The relative importance of CTs was greater for life expectancy at older ages (70.4 to 96.8%). The CT-level independent variables explained 5 to 76.6% of between-state variation, 11.1 to 58.6% of between-county variation, and 0.7 to 44.9% of between-CT variation in life expectancy across different age groups. Our findings indicate that population inequalities in longevity in the United States are primarily a local phenomenon. There is a need for greater precision and targeting of local geographies in public policy discourse aimed at reducing health inequalities in the United States.

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