“The Difference Between No. 1 1928 and No. 1 1930 Is Great Indeed.”

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 15-39
Author(s):  
William deJong Lambert ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Early Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Soviet Academy ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

This article chronicles the correspondence between Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975) and his colleagues in the USSR in the years following his arrival in the United States on what was to have been a one-year fellowship working in the laboratory of T.H. Morgan at Columbia University. These letters chronicle a period during which Dobzhansky not only realized the enormous potential of Drosophila genetics for unlocking the secrets of evolution, but also that con­tinuing this research would require finding a way to remain in the United States longer than either the Soviet Academy of Sciences, or the Rockefeller Foundation, would allow. Dobzhansky’s exchanges during this period with mentors such as Yuri Filipchenko and Nikolai Vavilov, as well as fellow students and colleagues such as Nikolai Medvedev, highlight the precarious game Dobzhansky played as he attempted to appear eager to return to his homeland, while secretly maneuvering to delay it. By the time it was over Filipchenko would die an early death of meningitis and Vavilov—who had originally been urging Dobzhansky to return and contribute to development of genetics in Russia—would now advise him to remain in the USA. Dobzhansky was nearly forced to return to the USSR after a routine trip to Canada to renew his visa, an outcome that would surely have resulted in imprisonment or worse. In the end he was allowed to stay, however Dobzhansky’s defection was so resented by the Soviet regime that even decades later he would remain an “un-person” in his homeland, whose name and contributions were never officially acknowledged during his lifetime, and his attempts at reconciliation were rejected.

Sexual Harassment Laws and Their Impact on the Work Environment

2019 ◽  
pp. 657-683
Author(s):  
Philippe W. Zgheib
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Willingness To Disclose ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the impact of sexual harassment laws in a work environment. Different contexts are examined with different sexual harassment laws. The most vulnerable individuals are identified. The particular case of Lebanon is inspected where few laws regulate this matter. A comparison is established with the USA. Lebanon and the United States have a different view of sexual harassment. In Lebanon, no clear laws protect women. In addition, Lebanon is more tolerant than the United States. The difference in cultures also contributes in people's willingness to disclose harassment. In the United States, people are used to the concept of right and a judicial system that preserves it. In Lebanon, such a matter is taboo, and people are discouraged from disclosing to preserve their reputation.

scholarly journals COMPLEXITY AND INFORMATION-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE VARIATIONS OF THE SARS-COV-2 GENOME IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA)

Fractals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (07) ◽  
pp. 2150023
Author(s):  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
ONDREJ KREJCAR ◽  
ABDULHAMIT SUBASI
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Random Fluctuations ◽  
First Time

SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that has affected human life since late 2019. Between all the countries that have reported the cases of patients with SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19), the United States of America has the highest number of infected people and mortality rate. Since different states in the USA reported different numbers of patients and also death cases, analyzing the difference of SARS-CoV-2 between these states has great importance. Since the generated RNA walk from the SARS-CoV-2 genome includes complex random fluctuations that also contain information, in this study, we employ the complexity and information theories to investigate the variations of SARS-CoV-2 genome between different states in the USA for the first time. The results of our analysis showed that the fractal dimension and Shannon entropy of genome walk significantly change between different states. Based on these results, we can conclude that the SARS-CoV-2 genomic structure significantly changes between different states, which is resulted from the virus evolution. Therefore, developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 is very challenging since it should be able to fight various structures of the virus in different states.

Sexual Harassment Laws and Their Impact on the Work Environment

2015 ◽  
pp. 41-65
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Willingness To Disclose ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the impact of sexual harassment laws in a work environment. Different contexts are examined with different sexual harassment laws. The most vulnerable individuals are identified. The particular case of Lebanon is inspected where few laws regulate this matter. A comparison is established with the USA. Lebanon and the United States have a different view of sexual harassment. In Lebanon, no clear laws protect women. In addition, Lebanon is more tolerant than the United States. The difference in cultures also contributes in people's willingness to disclose harassment. In the United States, people are used to the concept of right and a judicial system that preserves it. In Lebanon, such a matter is taboo, and people are discouraged from disclosing to preserve their reputation.

scholarly journals CURRENT ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE THEORY OF SEPARATION OF POWERS IN THE USA AND RUSSIA

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Алина Строкань ◽  
Alina Strokan'
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
State Power ◽  
State Institution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Classical Type ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Basic Features

Fundamental bases of modern democracies can be traced back to the ideas of prominent philosophers of XVII—XVIII centuries. One of such basic elements is the principle of separation of powers, which is firmly rooted in state institution design and became an indispensable aspect of any democratic regime. Differences of Montesque’s theory interpretation and its further implementation as the principle of separation of powers are considered in this article. The main focus of the article is not on the practical aspects of operation of governments but on analyzing the difference in genuine perception among people about the basic features of the principle in the United States (where separation of powers was implemented for the first time in history as a pivotal part of a new government) and in Russia (where the principle was included into state’s institutional structure more than 200 years later). Thenature of the power, a role and status of a head of state, historically inherited notion of “state power” in the Russian legal doctrine, — all these issues have been the key distinguishing factors of two diverse models of the principle of separation of powers and closely connected to its system of checks and balances in Russia and the United States. The US model tends to reflect a more classical type of the theory of separation of powers’ interpretation, while in Russia due to the Russian legal legacy the essence of the theory is considered in the context of the division of a single unified state power into three independent branches of power. Is it possible that one of the separation of powers models can be considered universal or every pattern is unique and effective in fact only within its own state system?

scholarly journals Horizontal Fiscal Imbalance In The United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
Paweł Kowalik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Regional Inequalities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Fiscal Imbalance ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Regional inequalities are currently a challenge for the majority of countries, in particular large ones, certain of which are federations. The federal state system is more complex than the unitary system. This results in specific problems. One of them is the issue of differing level of economic development of individual territorial units, whereby the problem of income redistribution emerges. The difference between income and expenses results in the formation of fiscal gaps, both horizontal and vertical ones. The aim of the paper is to present the measures applied for measuring the horizontal fiscal imbalance. It is also the starting point for conducting measurements of those imbalances in the USA based on the presented measures. The paper presents the measures applied in the literature for the purposes of measuring horizontal fiscal imbalance. In addition, the measurement of those imbalances in the USA are presented.

scholarly journals GRIBOEDOV AND WITTINESS IN THE USA: UM, RAZUM AND ZAUM’

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
Angela Brintlinger ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
American Students ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Eugene Onegin

In 2020 Columbia University Press in the United States published a new translation of A. S. Griboedov’s play Woe from Wit into English. In the article are discussed the experience of teaching the play in a classroom of non-specialist college students and the particular complications of the play for such readers. Examples from student papers are used and the problem of vocabulary in English is discussed. The author concludes that even though the new translation conveys the content of Griboedov’s play, gives American students an opportunity to expand their knowledge about 19th century Russia, and in parts remains a comedy, certain nuances of the playwright’s poetic inventions are not yet visible. In conjunction with A. S. Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin, Woe from Wit illustrates specific political and moral qualities of society in the first quarter of the century, but the idea of wit remains unclear for students. Teachers of Russian literature in institutions of higher education in the United States and other English-speaking countries, through wittiness, along with the concepts of wit, beyond sense, and reason, help students learn about Russia. The new edition of Griboedov is yet another instrument in this effort.

Transfer of Ideas in Soviet-American Relations at the Turn of the 1960—1970s (Based on the Example of the Expert Activity of the Institute for US Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR)

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Igor Tarbeev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Academy ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Us Studies ◽  
Organization Of Production ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Recordings of conversations between Soviet amerikanists (experts for US studies) and American scientists, politicians, public figures, and businessmen became an important information source for experts and for the Soviet party leadership. In the late 1960s — early 1970s these conversations played the role of an informal channel connecting representatives of American and Soviet elites through the Institute for US Studies of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Using the theory of cultural transfer and the methodology of social constructivism, the author of this article conducts a detailed analysis of an information note that was sent to the Central Committee of the CPSU by the Institute for US Studies in 1969. The note is a recording of a conversation between amerikanists and American businessman Charles Thornton. It contains Thornton’s statements about the perception of the USSR in the United States; Soviet economic development and American-Soviet cooperation opportunities; American principles of management and organization of production. The American experience became a reference for the USSR in the context of détente and the ongoing economic reform. The ideas evoked a potent reaction among the Soviet party elite. There are a lot of marks in the margins of the note made by readers from different departments of CPSU. However, despite the favorable environment and official’s interest, the note was not discussed, and no specific decisions were made. This case-study allows us to raise a number of questions about the Soviet-American transfer of ideas, the image of the United States in the USSR, and the process of making domestic and foreign policy decisions.

scholarly journals GDP Almost Perfectly Predicts Survival

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon G. Bechtel ◽  
Timothy Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Fractional Polynomial ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Human Effects ◽  
One Year

This article extends results reported by Bechtel, G. and Bechtel, T. (2021). These previous findings induce the hypothesis confirmed here; namely, that gross domestic product GDP nearly perfectly predicts survival in the world’s entire population. The fractional polynomial regressions here are run over the pre-pandemic period 1991–2016. During the subsequent pandemic, the American Center for Disease Control reported that life expectancy at birth in the USA dropped one year during the first six months of 2020, the largest drop since World War 11. The drops in African and Hispanic life expectancy at birth during this period were 2.7 and 1.9 years (Aljazeera; Democracy Now, February 18, 2021). The USA is the worst covid-19-effected population. It is now imperative to confirm that life expectancy at birth is well predicted from GDP in all nations over 1991–2018. This pre-pandemic control for each nation will accurately calibrate it’s subsequent yearly survival drops due to Covid-19. This is especially important in light of the trade war between the United States and China, which has increased the need for accurate measurement of the human effects of this war.

Emigrant Psychoanalysts in the USA and the FBI Archives

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Goggin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Due Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Threats ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Rich ◽  
New Nation

Interest in the fate of the German psychoanalysts who had to flee Hitler's Germany and find refuge in a new nation, such as the United States, has increased. The ‘émigré research’ shows that several themes recur: (1) the theme of ‘loss’ of one's culture, homeland, language, and family; and (2) the ambiva-lent welcome these émigrés received in their new country. We describe the political-social-cultural context that existed in the United States during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Documentary evidence found in the FBI files of three émigré psychoanalysts, Clara Happel, Martin Grotjahn, and Otto Fenichel, are then presented in combination with other source material. This provides a provisional impression of how each of these three individuals experienced their emigration. As such, it gives us elements of a history. The FBI documents suggest that the American atmosphere of political insecurity and fear-based ethnocentric nationalism may have reinforced their old fears of National Socialism, and contributed to their inclination to inhibit or seal off parts of them-selves and their personal histories in order to adapt to their new home and become Americanized. They abandoned the rich social, cultural, political tradition that was part of European psychoanalysis. Finally, we look at these elements of a history in order to ask a larger question about the appropriate balance between a liberal democratic government's right to protect itself from internal and external threats on the one hand, or crossover into the blatant invasion of civil rights and due process on the other.

Sandra Ramos Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Silvia Spitta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Rich

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.

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