scholarly journals Radiopharmaceuticals: On-Going Research for Better Diagnosis, Therapy, Environmental, and Pharmaceutical Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid A. Badria
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Selective Effect ◽  
Unstable Nuclei ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Diagnostic Agents ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Diagnosis Therapy ◽  
Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry

Radiopharmaceutical material is a pharmaceutical product or drug that may exert spontaneous degradation of unstable nuclei with nuclear particles or photons emission. Radiopharmaceuticals may be used in research, diagnosis, therapy, and environmental purposes. Moreover, radiopharmaceuticals act as radioactive tracers among patients via gamma-ray emissions. Therefore, the uses of radiopharmaceuticals as diagnostic agents may be given to patients to examine any biochemical, molecular biology, physiological, or anatomical abnormalities. Therapeutic radiopharmaceutical may be administered internally for therapeutic purposes via selective effect on certain abnormal cells or organs. The best known example for therapeutic radiopharmaceuticala is iodide131 for thyroid ablation in among patients with hyperthyroid. A third class of radiopharmaceutical is drug labeling which mainly used in research by using small amount of radioactive substances not for diagnostic purposes, but to investigate the metabolism, bio-distribution, pharmakodynamic, and pharmakokinetic of certain drugs in a nonradioactive form. This chapter focuses mainly on basic fundamentals of radiopharmaceutical chemistry, preparation, environmental, pharmaceutical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and research applications.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF SOME POLYMERIC MATRIX WITH PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 987-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TODICA ◽  
C. V. POP ◽  
E. DINTE ◽  
C. FARCAU ◽  
S. ASTILEAN
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Polymeric Matrix ◽  
Reversible Process ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Poly Ethylene

The possibility to use poly(ethylene oxide) as a polymeric matrix for some pharmaceutical products was analyzed. The behavior of the polymer in the aqueous solutions and the possible interactions between the polymer and the clotrimazole were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Repeated action of the water on the polymeric conformation is a reversible process and the introduction of the clotrimazole in the polymeric gel do not modify the properties of the active substance of the pharmaceutical product.

scholarly journals New drug delivery strategies targeting GnRH receptor in breast and other cancers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hany Sadek Ayoub Ghaly ◽  
Pegah Varamini
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Gnrh Receptor ◽  
Diagnostic Agents ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Potential Strategy

Cancer is the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a specific organ. Globally, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. Despite the plethora of research being undertaken worldwide to find a cure for cancer, it remains a significant challenge. Cancer targeting via agents designed to interfere with some specifically or highly expressed molecules in cancer cells has been a shift in the treatment of various forms of cancers. The development of drug delivery systems, specifically to cancer cells, is a common approach that succeeded in increasing the efficacy and reducing the side effects of different anticancer agents. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a naturally occurring hormone with receptors overexpressed in many types of cancers related or unrelated to the reproductive system. Several drug delivery systems were developed using GnRH derivatives as targeting agents. In this review, we first discuss the role of GnRH and its receptors in cancer. Then, we provide a detailed insight into different delivery systems developed using GnRH derivatives as targeting agents in various types of GnRH receptor overexpressing cancers. Some promising findings from these studies indicate that GnRH receptor targeting is a potential strategy to efficiently guide anticancer therapeutics, diagnostic agents, and nucleic acids directly to cancer cells. Lastly, some limitations of the current research and suggestions for more successful outcomes in clinical trials of these delivery systems are highlighted.

scholarly journals Reimagining the Power of Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1707
Author(s):  
Anthony Berdis
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Central Dogma ◽  
Diagnostic Agents ◽  
Typical Cell

The central dogma of molecular biology proposes that in a typical cell, the flow of genetic information proceeds from DNA to RNA to polypeptide [...]

On the possible gamma-ray source in Cygnus

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 469-471
Author(s):  
J. G. Duthie ◽  
M. P. Savedoff ◽  
R. Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Right Ascension

A source of gamma rays has been found at right ascension 20h15m, declination +35°, with an uncertainty of 6° in each coordinate. Its flux is (1·5 ± 0·8) x 10-4photons cm-2sec-1at 100 MeV. Possible identifications are reviewed, but no conclusion is reached. The mechanism producing the radiation is also uncertain.

Solar Flare Energetic Neutral Emission Measurements in the Project Coronas-I

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 635-639
Author(s):  
J. Baláž ◽  
A. V. Dmitriev ◽  
M. A. Kovalevskaya ◽  
K. Kudela ◽  
S. N. Kuznetsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Flare ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Pulse Shape ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Pulse Shape Discrimination ◽  
Shape Discrimination ◽  
Solar Neutron ◽  
Low Altitude

AbstractThe experiment SONG (SOlar Neutron and Gamma rays) for the low altitude satellite CORONAS-I is described. The instrument is capable to provide gamma-ray line and continuum detection in the energy range 0.1 – 100 MeV as well as detection of neutrons with energies above 30 MeV. As a by-product, the electrons in the range 11 – 108 MeV will be measured too. The pulse shape discrimination technique (PSD) is used.

Electron Microscopy in Molecular Biology

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Cecil E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Shadow Casting ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

The visualization of organic macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and virus components has reached its high degree of effectiveness owing to refinements and reliability of instruments and to the invention of methods for enhancing the structure of these materials within the electron image. The latter techniques have been most important because what can be seen depends upon the molecular and atomic character of the object as modified which is rarely evident in the pristine material. Structure may thus be displayed by the arts of positive and negative staining, shadow casting, replication and other techniques. Enhancement of contrast, which delineates bounds of isolated macromolecules has been effected progressively over the years as illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 by these methods. We now look to the future wondering what other visions are waiting to be seen. The instrument designers will need to exact from the arts of fabrication the performance that theory has prescribed as well as methods for phase and interference contrast with explorations of the potentialities of very high and very low voltages. Chemistry must play an increasingly important part in future progress by providing specific stain molecules of high visibility, substrates of vanishing “noise” level and means for preservation of molecular structures that usually exist in a solvated condition.

Cytoplasmic Invaginations in Trophoblasts and Epithelial Cells of Rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 524-525
Author(s):  
Iracema M. Baccarini
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Nuclear Inclusions ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cervical Epithelium ◽  
Intact Membrane ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Nuclear Features

Some morphological nuclear features (invaginations) in normal and abnormal cells have been described in several electron microscopic studies. They have been referred to by others as blebs, loops, pockets, sheets, bodies, nuclear inclusions and cytoplasmic invaginations. Identical appearing structures were found in cells of the uterine cervical epithelium, in trophoblasts of blastocysts and in trophoblasts of rat placenta.Methods. Uterine cervix (normal rats), rat placenta (9-10 days gestation) and blastocyst were placed in 3% glutarahdehyde for 3 hours. The tissue was washed in phosphate buffer for 24 hours, postfixed in 1%. buffered osmium tetroxide for 1-2 hours and embedded in epon araldite. Sections were double stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and viewed in E. M. Siemens 200.Observations. Nuclear invaginations were found in basal, parabasal and mucous cells of the cervix epithelium, in trophoblasts of blastocyst and in trophoblasts of placenta. An oval, round or elongated invagination contained heterogenously cytoplasm surrounded by a double intact membrane; usually several invaginations were found in the same nucleus.

An introduction to the themed issue on RNA biology in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-866
Author(s):  
Zhe Wu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Fortieth Anniversary ◽  
Rna Biology ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Education In China

Abstract The year 2019 marked the fortieth anniversary of the Chinese Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CSBMB), whose mission is to promote biomolecular research and education in China. The last 40 years have witnessed tremendous growth and achievements in biomolecular research by Chinese scientists and Essays in Biochemistry is delighted to publish this themed issue that focuses on exciting areas within RNA biology, with each review contributed by key experts from China.

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