Nasal Carriage and Resistance Pattern of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Healthy Children in Kashan, Iran

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus skin infection is a frequent and recurrent problem in children with the common inflammatory skin disease atopic dermatitis (AD). S. aureus colonizes the skin of the majority of children with AD and exacerbates the disease. The first step during colonization and infection is bacterial adhesion to the cornified envelope of corneocytes in the outer layer, the stratum corneum. Corneocytes from AD skin are structurally different from corneocytes from normal healthy skin. The objective of this study was to identify bacterial proteins that promote the adherence of S. aureus to AD corneocytes. S. aureus strains from clonal complexes 1 and 8 were more frequently isolated from infected AD skin than from the nasal cavity of healthy children. AD strains had increased ClfB ligand binding activity compared to normal nasal carriage strains. Adherence of single S. aureus bacteria to corneocytes from AD patients ex vivo was studied using atomic force microscopy. Bacteria expressing ClfB recognized ligands distributed over the entire corneocyte surface. The ability of an isogenic ClfB-deficient mutant to adhere to AD corneocytes compared to that of its parent clonal complex 1 clinical strain was greatly reduced. ClfB from clonal complex 1 strains had a slightly higher binding affinity for its ligand than ClfB from strains from other clonal complexes. Our results provide new insights into the first step in the establishment of S. aureus colonization in AD patients. ClfB is a key adhesion molecule for the interaction of S. aureus with AD corneocytes and represents a target for intervention.

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Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among indigenous people of Toba Qom ethnic, Benjamín Aceval, Paraguay

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182605 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 2720

Author(s):

Paulo Roberto Blanco Moreira Norberg ◽

Maria Laura Meister Villalba ◽

Larissa Duarte Ortellado ◽

Marcelo Coronel ◽

Paulo César Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

San Francisco ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

National Committee ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Indigenous Ethnic Group ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Invasive Infections

Background: Staphylococcus aureus are Gram positive cocci components of the normal microbiota of the skin and mucosa, but can attack other sites of the organism depending on favourable conditions. The condition of host of this bacterium colonizing the nasal mucosa is recognized as a potential risk factor for subsequent invasive infections. This research had the objective to investigate the prevalence of nasal carriers of S. aureus among Toba Qom indigenous ethnic group of the San Francisco de Asis community, Paraguay, and to determine the sensitivity profile to antimicrobial agents.Methods: 141 samples of the nasal cavities were analyzed. Isolation and identification were performed by conventional microbiological methods, by the staining characteristics of the Gram method, catalase and coagulase tests, mannitol fermentation test and deoxyribonuclease test. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the agar diffusion technique according to a procedure standardized by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.Results: 22 of the 141 individual examined samples were colonized by Staphylococcus aureus, which corresponds to a prevalence of 15.6%.Conclusions: Multidrug-resistant strains were not isolated. All samples presented good sensitivity to most antibiotics except for nalidixic acid, which all samples presented resistance.

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300 NASAL CARRIAGE OF POTENTIALLY VIRULENT STRAINS OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AMONG OTHERWISE HEALTHY CHILDREN IN MOBILE, ALABAMA

Journal of Investigative Medicine ◽

10.2310/6650.2005.00006.299 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. S306.3-S306

Author(s):

K. A. Smith ◽

L. Plano ◽

B. Estrada

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Virulent Strains

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Increasing Rates of Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Healthy Children

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal ◽

10.1097/01.inf.0000168746.62226.a4 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 617-621 ◽

Cited By ~ 155

Author(s):

Clarence B. Creech ◽

Douglas S. Kernodle ◽

Andrew Alsentzer ◽

Cynthia Wilson ◽

Kathryn M. Edwards

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Methicillin Resistant

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Evaluation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Malagasy patients

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.2460 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (04) ◽

pp. 318-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Tsiry Rasamiravaka ◽

Saida Rasoanandrasana ◽

Norosoa Julie Julie Zafindraibe ◽

Aimee Olivat Rakoto Alson ◽

Andry Rasamindrakotroka

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

High Rate ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

History Of ◽

Training And Research ◽

Strategic Policy

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of infections. It is well recognized that nasal carriage of S. aureus represents a potent and increasingly prevalent risk factor for subsequent S. aureus infection. However, in Madagascar no data exist concerning this nasal carriage of S. aureus. Methodology: Nasal swabs from 304 different patients attending the Laboratory of Training and Research in Medical Biology of Madagascar were cultured for methicillin sensitive (MSSA) and MRSA. Results: One hundred and sixteen patients had S. aureus in their noses (38.16 ± 5.46%) of whom 45 (14.80 ± 3.99%) had MRSA. A risk factor for MSSA nasal carriage included a history of hospitalization when antibiotics were administered (odds ratio [OR] 2.25, 1.09 - 4.64). Among MRSA nasal isolates, high rate of resistance to other antibiotics was observed, particularly for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (68.89%), erythromycin (66.67%) and ofloxacin (53.33%). Conclusion: Our data showed a high rate of MRSA nasal carriage and a high rate of multidrug resistance. A strategic policy against the spread of multidrug resistant strains is desirable.

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Biochemical and Molecular Analysis ofStaphylococcus aureusClinical Isolates from Hospitalized Patients

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2016/9041636 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Amit Karmakar ◽

Parimal Dua ◽

Chandradipa Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Species Specific ◽

High Level ◽

Gelatin Hydrolysis

Staphylococcus aureusis opportunistic human as well as animal pathogen that causes a variety of diseases. A total of 100Staphylococcus aureusisolates were obtained from clinical samples derived from hospitalized patients. The presumptiveStaphylococcus aureusclinical isolates were identified phenotypically by different biochemical tests. Molecular identification was done by PCR using species specific 16S rRNA primer pairs and finally 100 isolates were found to be positive asStaphylococcus aureus. Screened isolates were further analyzed by several microbiological diagnostics tests including gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase tests. It was found that 78%, 81%, and 51% isolates were positive for gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase activities, respectively. Antibiogram analysis of isolatedStaphylococcus aureusstrains with respect to different antimicrobial agents revealed resistance pattern ranging from 57 to 96%. Our study also shows 70% strains to be MRSA, 54.3% as VRSA, and 54.3% as both MRSA and VRSA. All the identified isolates were subjected to detection ofmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes and 70%, 84%, and 40% were found to harbourmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes, respectively. The current investigation is highly important and informative for the high level multidrug resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfections inclusive also of methicillin and vancomycin.

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Nasopharyngeal carriage, spa types and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from healthy children less than 5 years in Eastern Uganda

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-019-4652-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Patrick Kateete ◽

Benon B. Asiimwe ◽

Raymond Mayanja ◽

Brian Mujuni ◽

Freddie Bwanga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Low Income ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

High Level ◽

Susceptibility Profiles ◽

Eastern Uganda

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus carriage is a known risk factor for staphylococcal disease. However, the carriage rates vary by country, demographic group and profession. This study aimed to determine the S. aureus carriage rate in children in Eastern Uganda, and identify S. aureus lineages that cause infection in Uganda. Methods Nasopharyngeal samples from 742 healthy children less than 5 years residing in the Iganga/Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Eastern Uganda were processed for isolation of S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing based on minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was determined by the BD Phoenix™ system. Genotyping was performed by spa and SCCmec typing. Results The processed samples yielded 144 S. aureus isolates (one per child) therefore, the S. aureus carriage rate in children was 19.4% (144/742). Thirty one percent (45/144) of the isolates were methicillin resistant (MRSA) yielding a carriage rate of 6.1% (45/742). All isolates were susceptible to rifampicin, vancomycin and linezolid. Moreover, all MRSA were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid and clindamycin. Compared to methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates (68.8%, 99/144), MRSA isolates were more resistant to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials –trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 73.3% (33/45) vs. 27.3% (27/99) [p < 0.0001]; erythromycin 75.6% (34/45) vs. 24.2% (24/99) [p < 0.0001]; chloramphenicol 60% (27/45) vs. 19.2% (19/99) [p < 0.0001]; gentamicin 55.6% (25/45) vs. 25.3% (25/99) [p = 0.0004]; and ciprofloxacin 35.6% (16/45) vs. 2% (2/99) [p < 0.0001]. Furthermore, 42 MRSA (93.3%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) and one exhibited high-level resistance to mupirocin. Overall, 61 MSSA (61.6%) were MDR, including three mupirocin and clindamycin resistant isolates. Seven spa types were detected among MRSA, of which t037 and t064 were predominant and associated with SCCmec types I and IV, respectively. Fourteen spa types were detected in MSSA which consisted mainly of t645 and t4353. Conclusions S. aureus carriage rate in healthy children in Eastern Uganda is high and comparable to rates for hospitalized patients in Kampala. The detection of mupirocin resistance is worrying as it could rapidly increase if mupirocin is administered in a low-income setting. S. aureus strains of spa types t064, t037 (MRSA) and t645, t4353 (MSSA) are prevalent and could be responsible for majority of staphylococcal infections in Uganda.

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Nasopharyngeal carriage, spa types and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from healthy children less than 5 years in Eastern Uganda

10.21203/rs.2.10945/v4 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

David Kateete ◽

Benon B Asiimwe ◽

Raymond Mayanja ◽

Brian Mujuni ◽

Freddie Bwanga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Low Income ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Eastern Uganda ◽

Spa Types

Abstract Background: Staphylococcus aureus carriage is a known risk factor for staphylococcal disease. However, the carriage rates vary by country, demographic group and profession. This study aimed to determine the S. aureus carriage rate in children in Eastern Uganda, and identify S. aureus lineages that cause infection in Uganda. Methods: Nasopharyngeal samples from 742 healthy children less than 5 years residing in the Iganga/Mayuge Health & Demographic Surveillance Site in Eastern Uganda were processed for isolation of S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing based on minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was determined by the BD PhoenixTM system. Genotyping was performed by spa typing. Results: The processed samples yielded 144 S. aureus isolates (one per child) therefore, the S. aureus carriage rate in children was 19.4% (144/742). Thirty one percent (45/144) of the isolates were methicillin resistant (MRSA) yielding a carriage rate of 6.1% (45/742). All isolates were susceptible to rifampicin, vancomycin and linezolid. Moreover, all MRSA were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid and clindamycin. Compared to methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates (68.8%, 99/144), MRSA isolates were more resistant to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials –trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 73.3% (33/45) vs. 27.3% (27/99) [P<0.0001]; erythromycin 75.6% (34/45) vs. 24.2% (24/99) [P<0.0001]; chloramphenicol 60% (27/45) vs. 19.2% (19/99) [P<0.0001]; gentamicin 55.6% (25/45) vs. 25.3% (25/99) [P=0.0004]; and ciprofloxacin 35.6% (16/45) vs. 2% (2/99) [P<0.0001]. Furthermore, 42 MRSA (93.3%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) and one exhibited high-level resistance to mupirocin. Overall, 61 MSSA (61.6%) were MDR, including three mupirocin and clindamycin resistant isolates. Seven spa types were detected in MRSA, of which t037 & t064 were predominant and associated with SCCmec types I & IV, respectively. Fourteen spa types were detected in MSSA, of which t645 & t4353 were predominant. Conclusions: S. aureus carriage rate in healthy children in Eastern Uganda is high and comparable to rates for hospitalized patients in Kampala. The detection of mupirocin resistance is worrying as it could rapidly increase if mupirocin is administered in a low-income setting. S. aureus strains of spa types t064, t037 (MRSA) and t645, t4353 (MSSA) are prevalent and could be responsible for majority of staphylococcal infections in Uganda.

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Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Nasal Cavities of MOUAU Students

South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/sajrm/2021/v9i130201 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 27-36

Author(s):

Onyinyechi J. Omaba ◽

Chukwuma G. Udensi ◽

Blessing C. Uwakwe ◽

Emmanuel K. Amanze ◽

Ifunaya M. Okoh

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Nasal Cavity ◽

Methicillin Resistance ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Microbiological Techniques ◽

Alternative Choice ◽

High Level

Aim: To determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal cavity of MOUAU students. Methods: The nasal specimens were evaluated using standard microbiological techniques and methicillin resistance test was checked for all isolates of Staphylococcus species by the disc diffusion method. Results: A total of Eleven (11) Staphylococcus aureus isolates were obtained from forty (40) nasal samples of MOUAU students i.e. four (4) from female and seven (7) from male. This study also showed that the highest number and percentage of Staphylococcus aureus isolates was observed in the male nasal samples 7(30.4%), while the lowest isolate was recorded in female nasal samples 4(23.5%). About 21(52.5%) of the 40 samples showed no traces of Staphylococcus specie. However, the drug susceptibility profile of bacterial isolate from nasal samples reveals varying percentage of sensitivity and resistance to the antibiotics. From this study, Ofloxacin (5 mcg) and Gentamicin (10 mcg) exhibited high percentage of sensitivity against the Staphylococus isolates at 10(90.9%) each. Cefuroxime (30 mcg) and Ceftazidime (30 mcg) showed high level of resistance against the Staphylococcus aureus isolates at 11(100%). No resistance to Ofloxacin (5 mcg) was noted. This study also revealed that 72.7% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the nasal cavity of healthy male and female students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU), showed multiple resistance to the antibiotics used. Conclusion: This study highlights the need to discourage the misuse of antibiotics and to implement strategies that could help eliminate of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. This will help to prevent severe Staphylococcus aureus infections in our environments. Also, it was report that Ofloxacin (5 mcg) and Gentamicin (10 mcg) antibiotics could be an alternative choice to use and to control MRSA infection as an effective antibacterial agent.

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