scholarly journals Global Health Security Capacity Against COVID-19 Outbreak: An Analysis of Annual Data from 210 Countries and Territories

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Maraghi ◽  
Amal Saki Malehi ◽  
Fakher Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Prevention Center

Objectives: To review the most recent GHS index annual report to observe the regional and global level of health security against the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as their relationship with the case fatality rate, among 210 countries and territories worldwide. Methods: We analyzed October 2019 GHS index, to assess the capacity of health security-based on the GHS index in the context of six categories. We prioritized not only the capacities of 210 countries and territories around the world using the GHS index but also the existence of functional capabilities to prevent pandemics at the source. Data were collected from global databases, including Worldometer, WHO, and Disease Control and Prevention Center (CDC). Results: This study collected data on 210 countries and territories, of which up to April 14, 2020, 72 countries (34.28%) with more than 1,000 total COVID-19 cases were present. In the most prepared group, the number of total COVID-19 diagnostic tests had a significant positive relationship with the GHS index (r = 0.713; P = 0.006). Case fatality rate was directly associated with the detection index (r = 0.304; P = 0.023) in more prepared group”. In the Lower-middle-income economies group, the case fatality rate was positively related to detection, response, and risk environment indices. Conclusions: With the exception of a very small number, countries that were ranked as most prepared countries were more likely to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak of the virus and its health consequences and needed to seriously reconsider their capabilities and health security in the context of detection, prevention, rapid response, health system facilities, and risk environment against disease outbreak.

scholarly journals Global health security capacity against COVID-19 outbreak and its association with the case fatality rate: an analysis of annual data from 210 countries and territories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham maraghi ◽  
Amal Saki Malehi ◽  
Fakher Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Health Security

AbstractBackgroundBecause infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, do not have specific boundaries, all countries must prioritize and use the necessary capabilities to prevent, detect, and respond quickly to public health emergencies. In this context, we aimed to review most recent GHS index annual report to observe the regional and global level of health security against COVID-19 outbreak, as well as their relationship with case fatality rate, among 210 countries and territories worldwide.MethodsWe reviewed and analyzed October 2019 GHS index co-leaders joint report, to review health security capacities on the basis of the GHS index in the context of six categories. we prioritized not only the capacities of 210 countries and territories around the world using the GHS Index, but also the existence of functional, tested, proven capabilities for stopping outbreaks at the source. Data were collected from global databases including Worldometer, WHO, and Disease Control and Prevention Center (CDC).FindingsThis study recruited data on 210 countries and territories, of which up to 14 April 2020, 72 countries (34.28%) with more than 1000 total COVID-19 cases were presents. In “most prepared group”, number of total COVID-19 diagnostic tests had a significant positive relation with GHS index (r=0.713; p=0.006). Case fatality rate was directly associated with the detection index (r=0.304; p=0.023) in “more prepared group”. In “Lower-middle-income economies” group, case fatality rate positively related to detection, response and risk environment indices.ImplementationWith the exception of a very small number, countries that were ranked as most prepared countries, they were more likely to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak of the virus and its health consequences, and needed to seriously reconsider their capabilities and health security in the context of detection, prevention, rapid response, health system facilities, and risk environment against disease outbreakResearch in contextEvidence before this studyGiven the very rapid spread of the COVID-19 disease in a very short time, limited and few studies have shown weakness and strength in national and international capacity to deal with health emergencies. We systematically searched the Scopus, ISI web of science and PubMed from Jan 2019 to April 2020, using the search terms “health security” OR “emergency preparedness” AND “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2/nCoV-2019”. Our search returned only limited number of published evidences (n=37), of which only one was assessed the operational readiness among 182 countries based on the International Health Regulations (IHR) annual report 1.Added value of this studyGiven a very limited and insufficient on the regional, as well as global preparedness capacities to combat health emergencies, such as COVID-19 disease, we used most recent GHS index annual report (October 2019), to observe the regional and global level of health security in the context of detection, prevention, rapid response, health system facilities, and risk environment against COVID-19 outbreak among 210 countries and territories around the world. We found information about only 195 countries in the recent used report and imputed the data for the rest 15 countries and territories that facing COVID-19 outbreak.Implications of all the available evidenceOur results showed that, with the exception of a very small number of countries that were ranked as most prepared countries, they were more likely to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak of the virus and its health consequences, and needed to seriously reconsider their capabilities and health security in the context of detection, prevention, rapid response, health system facilities, and risk environment against disease outbreak.

scholarly journals Bacterial pathogens and resistance causing community acquired paediatric bloodstream infections in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Droz ◽  
Yingfen Hsia ◽  
Sally Ellis ◽  
Angela Dramowski ◽  
Mike Sharland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Abstract Background Despite a high mortality rate in childhood, there is limited evidence on the causes and outcomes of paediatric bloodstream infections from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the bacterial causes of paediatric bloodstream infections in LMICs and their resistance profile. Methods We searched Pubmed and Embase databases between January 1st 1990 and October 30th 2019, combining MeSH and free-text terms for “sepsis” and “low-middle-income countries” in children. Two reviewers screened articles and performed data extraction to identify studies investigating children (1 month-18 years), with at least one blood culture. The main outcomes of interests were the rate of positive blood cultures, the distribution of bacterial pathogens, the resistance patterns and the case-fatality rate. The proportions obtained from each study were pooled using the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation, and a random-effect meta-analysis model was used. Results We identified 2403 eligible studies, 17 were included in the final review including 52,915 children (11 in Africa and 6 in Asia). The overall percentage of positive blood culture was 19.1% [95% CI: 12.0–27.5%]; 15.5% [8.4–24.4%] in Africa and 28.0% [13.2–45.8%] in Asia. A total of 4836 bacterial isolates were included in the studies; 2974 were Gram-negative (63.9% [52.2–74.9]) and 1858 were Gram-positive (35.8% [24.9–47.5]). In Asia, Salmonella typhi (26.2%) was the most commonly isolated pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (7.7%) whereas in Africa, S. aureus (17.8%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.8%) were predominant followed by Escherichia coli (10.7%). S. aureus was more likely resistant to methicillin in Africa (29.5% vs. 7.9%), whereas E. coli was more frequently resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (31.2% vs. 21.2%), amikacin (29.6% vs. 0%) and ciprofloxacin (36.7% vs. 0%) in Asia. The overall estimate for case-fatality rate among 8 studies was 12.7% [6.6–20.2%]. Underlying conditions, such as malnutrition or HIV infection were assessed as a factor associated with bacteraemia in 4 studies each. Conclusions We observed a marked variation in pathogen distribution and their resistance profiles between Asia and Africa. Very limited data is available on underlying risk factors for bacteraemia, patterns of treatment of multidrug-resistant infections and predictors of adverse outcomes.

scholarly journals Differences by country-level income in COVID-19 cases, deaths, case-fatality rates, and rates per million population in the first five months of the pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wrishmeen Sabawoon
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
High Income ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level

Abstract Objective: To describe differences by country-level income in COVID-19 cases, deaths, case-fatality rates, incidence rates, and death rates per million population. Methods: Publicly available data on COVID-19 cases and deaths from December 31, 2019 to June 3, 2020 were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine associations of country-level income with COVID-19 cases, deaths, case-fatality rates, incidence rates, and death rates. Results: A total of 380,803 deaths out of 6,348,204 COVID-19 cases were reported from 210 countries and territories globally in the period under study, and the global case-fatality rate was 6.0%. Of the total globally reported cases and deaths, the percentages of cases and deaths were 59.9% and 75.0% for high-income countries, and 30.9% and 20.7% for upper-middle-income countries. Countries in higher-income categories had higher incidence rates and death rates. Between April and May, the incidence rates in higher-income groups of countries decreased, but in other groups, it increased. Conclusions In the first five months of the COVID-19 pandemic, most cases and deaths were reported from high-income and upper-middle-income countries, and those countries had higher incidence rates and death rates per million population than did lower-middle and low-income countries. Keywords: COVID-19, incidence rate, death rate, case fatality rate, income, and country

scholarly journals Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan ◽  
Abul Kalam ◽  
Shahanaj Shano ◽  
Md. Raihan Khan Nayem ◽  
Md. Kaisar Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Middle Income Countries

The COVID-19 outbreak has severely affected the social and economic conditions across this globe. Little is known about the relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and socio-demographic status. Publicly available data on COVID-19 test rate, attack rate, case fatality rate, and recovery rate were analyzed in relation to country’s economic status, population density, median age, and urban population ratio. We also conducted multinomial logistic regression analysis to predict the influence of countries’ social and economic factors on COVID-19. The results revealed that the median age had significant positive correlation with attack rate (r=0.2389, p=0.003), case fatality rate (r=0.3207, p=0.000) and recovery rate (r=0.4847, p=0.000). The urbanization has positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r=0.1957, p= 0.016). The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed low-income countries are less likely to have an increased recovery rate (p=0.000) and attack rate (p=0.016) compare to high-income countries. The lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries are less likely to have an increased recovery rate (p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively) compared to high-income countries. Based on the result of this study, these economic and socio-demographic factors should consider in designing appropriate preventive measures as a next step. The low and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services to lower the case fatality rate and increase test and recovery rates as part of pandemic preparation like COVID-19. As the number of COVID-19 attacks, death and recovery rates are constantly changing; however, the intensive study is required to obtain a clear picture.

scholarly journals Health inequality among different economies during early phase of COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myo Nyein Aung ◽  
Yuka Koyanagi ◽  
Motoyuki Yuasa
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Clinical Services ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Abstract Background: New corona virus outbreak originated in Wuhan, China, started in January 2020 is escalating as pandemic across the globe in March 2020. It causes unprecedented morbidity, shocked health systems and the supply chains in new epicenters such as Italy, Spain and the US., claiming thousands of lives. Meanwhile, the pandemic is reaching swiftly and silently, to low-income countries where international medias cover less. How likely health outcomes among the countries with different economies may differ during the pandemic has not been reported yet.Method: We conducted analysis of COVID-19 deaths comparing case fatality rate (CRF) among countries with different income categories, applying COVID-19 global data from European Centre for Disease Control including 199 countries’ data as of 31 March 2020, in the early phase of pandemic. We categorized countries into high income countries (HIC), upper-middle income countries (UMIC), lower middle-income countries (LMIC) and low-income countries (LIC) according to World Bank classification by income as of 2020.Result: Statistically, countries in different income groups are significantly different in term of new cases identified in last two weeks and case-fatality rate. (Manova P value <0.001). New tests and detected case numbers shot up in HICs where CFR shot up in LMICs and LICs. The results of this analysis pointed out an important gap among countries with different economic status during ongoing pandemic.Discussion: In the HIC, contact tracing, testing capacity and outbreak response as well as clinical services are strong. In the LICs, there is low capacity of outbreak response which is reflected by the significantly lower number of diagnosis tests. Consequently, reported number of COVID-19 cases in LICs may not reflect the actual burden of the pandemic. Without effective prevention, the pandemic can readily break into the weak health system, and over-burden the hospitals, and clinical services in poor countries.Conclusion: This finding is showing health inequality between the rich and the poor being amplified by COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing such a gap though the local governance and integrated global responses will not only prevent unprecedented deaths, but also preserve the momentum towards SDGs

scholarly journals Health inequality among different economies during early phase of COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Myo Nyein Aung ◽  
Yuka Koyanagi ◽  
Motoyuki Yuasa
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Clinical Services ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Abstract Background The new coronavirus outbreak originated in Wuhan, China, started in January 2020 is escalating as a pandemic across the globe in March 2020. It causes unprecedented morbidity and shocked health systems and the supply chains in new epicenters such as Italy, Spain, and the USA, claiming thousands of lives. Meanwhile, the pandemic is reaching swiftly and silently to low-income countries where international media cover less. How likely health outcomes among the countries with different economies may differ during the pandemic has not been reported yet. Methodologically, we conducted an analysis of COVID-19 deaths comparing case fatality rate (CFR) among countries with different income categories, applying COVID-19 global data from the European Centre for Disease Control including 199 countries’ data as of 31 March 2020, in the early phase of the pandemic. We categorized countries into high-income countries (HIC), upper-middle-income countries (UMIC), lower-middle-income countries (LMIC), and low-income countries (LIC) according to World Bank classification by income as of 2020. Finding Statistically, countries in different income groups are significantly different in terms of new cases identified in the last 2 weeks and the case fatality rate (MANOVA, P value < 0.001). New tests and detected case numbers shot up in HICs where CFR shot up in LMICs and LICs. The results of this analysis pointed out an important gap among countries with different economic status during the ongoing pandemic. Conclusion In the HIC, contact tracing, testing capacity, and outbreak response, as well as clinical services, are strong. In the LICs, there is a low capacity of outbreak response which is reflected by the significantly lower number of diagnostic tests. Consequently, the reported number of COVID-19 cases in LICs may not reflect the actual burden of the pandemic. Without effective prevention, the pandemic can readily break into the weak health system and over-burden the hospitals and clinical services in poor countries. This finding is showing health inequality between the rich and the poor being amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing such a gap through the local governance and integrated global responses will not only prevent unprecedented deaths, but also preserve the momentum towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

scholarly journals Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Texas: An update covering years 1993 through 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Kenneth Nugent ◽  
James Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome ◽  
Case Report Form ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Texas Department ◽  
Control And Prevention

Background: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome continues to occur sporadically in Texas.Rivers and coworkers published a summary of cases identified between 1993 and 2006. Thisreport updates the information on Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome cases identified between 2007and 2016 to determine whether or not there are differences in clinical presentation or outcomes.Methods: The Texas Department of State Health Services collects information on the Hantaviruspulmonary syndrome using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special PathogensBranch case report form (OMB No.0920-0090). This form collects demographic information, patientexposure information, timeline, clinical information, laboratory tests, and outcomes.Results: This report summarizes information from the Texas Department of State HealthServices on 45 cases with Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome reported between 1993 and2016. Most patients were men and were non-Hispanic white or Hispanics. Laboratory testsrevealed leukocytosis, an increased percentage of neutrophil bands, hemoconcentration,thrombocytopenia, and variable acute kidney injury. The case fatality rate was 31%. Since2007, the case fatality rate has decreased. The cases remain clustered in the Northwest Texas(Public Health Region 1).Summary: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome continues to occur sporadically in Texas. Theclinical presentation has not changed since 1993, but outcomes appear to be improving. Publichealth efforts need to focus on public education to reduce the risk of exposure.

scholarly journals Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan ◽  
Md. Abul Kalam ◽  
Shahanaj Shano ◽  
Md. Raihan Khan Nayem ◽  
Md. Kaisar Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has manifested more than a health crisis and has severely impacted on social, economic, and development crises in the world. The relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and other demographic statuses is an important criterion with which to assess the impact of this current outbreak. Based on available data from the online platform, we tested the hypotheses of a country’s economic status, population density, the median age of the population, and urbanization pattern influence on the test, attack, case fatality, and recovery rates of COVID-19. We performed correlation and multivariate multinomial regression analysis with relative risk ratio (RRR) to test the hypotheses. The correlation analysis showed that population density and test rate had a significantly negative association (r = −0.2384, p = 0.00). In contrast, the median age had a significant positive correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.4654, p = 0.00) and case fatality rate (r = 0.2847, p = 0.00). The urban population rate had a positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.1610, p = 0.04). Lower-middle-income countries had a negative significant correlation with case fatality rate (r= −0.3310, p = 0.04). The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that low-income countries are more likely to have an increased risk of case fatality rate (RRR = 0.986, 95% Confidence Interval; CI = 0.97−1.00, p < 0.05) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.95–0.98, p = 0.00). The lower-income countries are more likely to have a higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.971, 95% CI = 0.96–0.98, p = 0.00). Similarly, upper middle-income countries are more likely to have higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.98–1.0, p = 0.01) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00). The low- and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services and implement adequate COVID-19 preventive measures to reduce the risk burden. We recommend a participatory, whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach for responding to the socio-economic challenges of COVID-19 and ensuring more resilient and robust health systems to safeguard against preventable deaths and poverty by improving public health outcomes.

Impact of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol on COVID-19 case-fatality rate reduction in Algeria. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Youssef Kada
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Protocol ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

BACKGROUND Covid-19 is an emerging infectious disease like viral zoonosis caused by new coronavirus SARS CoV 2. On December 31, 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in Hubei province (China) reported cases of pneumonia, the origin of which is a new coronavirus. Rapidly extendable around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) declares it pandemic on March 11, 2020. This pandemic reaches Algeria on February 25, 2020, date on which the Algerian minister of health, announced the first case of Covid-19, a foreign citizen. From March 1, a cluster is formed in Blida and becomes the epicentre of the coronavirus epidemic in Algeria, its total quarantine is established on March 24, 2020, it will be smoothly alleviated on April 24. A therapeutic protocol based on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was put in place on March 23, for complicated cases, it was extended to all the cases confirmed on April 06. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol in Algeria, in particular after its extension to all patients diagnosed COVID-19 positive on RT-PCR test. We were able to illustrate this fact graphically, but not to prove it statistically because the design of our study, indeed in the 7 days which followed generalization of therapeutic protocol, case fatality rate decrease and doubling time increase, thus confirming the impact of wide and early prescription of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol. METHODS We have analyzed the data collected from press releases and follow-ups published daily by the Ministry of Health, we have studied the possible correlations of these data with certain events or decisions having a possible impact on their development, such as confinement at home and its reduction, the prescription of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination for serious patients and its extension to all positive COVID subjects. Results are presented in graphics, the data collection was closed on 31/05/2020. RESULTS Covid-19 pandemic spreads from February 25, 2020, when a foreign citizen is tested positive, on March 1 a cluster is formed in the city of Blida where sixteen members of the same family are infected during a wedding party. Wilaya of Blida becomes the epicentre of coronavirus epidemic in Algeria and lockdown measures taken, while the number of national cases diagnosed begins to increases In any event, the association of early containment measures combined with a generalized initial treatment for all positive cases, whatever their degree of severity, will have contributed to a reduction in the fatality rate of COVID 19 and a slowing down of its doubling time. CONCLUSIONS In Algeria, the rapid combination of rigorous containment measure at home and early generalized treatment with hydroxychloroquin have demonstrated their effectiveness in terms of morbidity and mortality, the classic measures of social distancing and hygiene will make it possible to perpetuate these results by reducing viral transmission, the only unknown, the reopening procedure which can only be started after being surrounded by precautions aimed at ensuring the understanding of the population. CLINICALTRIAL Algeria, Covid-19, pandemic, hydroxychloroquin, azithromycin, case fatality rate

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