Determination of lower limbs loading during balance beam exercise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Hedbávný ◽  
Miriam Kalichová ◽  
Michal Rabenseifner ◽  
Adam Borek
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Balance Beam ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Maximum Reaction ◽  
Load Asymmetry ◽  
Load Volume ◽  
Reaction Forces

In women’s artistic gymnastics, the balance beam belongs among the disciplines with the heaviest lower limbs load. The aim of our research was to disclose a lower limbs weekly load volume regarding load asymmetry, and to determine the take-off and landing reaction forces between landing ground and foot in selected gymnastic elements. In 9 female artistic gymnasts of junior and senior category one training week was video-recorded and analysed. The reaction forces were measured using 5 Bertec force plates in one female Czech nation-al team member. Based on the training video recordings 12 jump and acrobatic elements were analysed. Among the total of 422 recorded take-offs and landings 41% were performed from both legs, (BL), 44.5% from one lower limb (HL) and 14.5% from the other lower limb (LL). The maximum reaction force of the landing ground during take-offs was 2.4 BW in av-erage, 3.1 BW in landings. In asymmetrical elements, one leg was loaded three times more (538.3 BW) than the other (174.1 BW) in one training day in total. We recommend to record the load asymmetry in the course of the gymnastic trainings in order to choose and person-alise the appropriate regeneration process and compensational exercise.

scholarly journals The role of the contralateral limb in below-knee amputee gait

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. B. Hurley ◽  
R. McKenney ◽  
M. Robinson ◽  
M. Zadravec ◽  
M. R. Pierrynowski
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Contralateral Limb ◽  
Joint Reaction Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Reaction ◽  
Amputee Gait

Very little quantitative biomechanical research has been carried out evaluating issues relevant to prosthetic management. The literature available suggests that amputees may demonstrate an asymmetrical gait pattern. Furthermore, studies suggest that the forces occurring during amputee gait may be unequally distributed between the contralateral and prosthetic lower limbs/This study investigates the role of the contralateral limb in amputee gait by determining lower limb joint reaction forces and symmetry of motion in an amputee and non-amputee population. Seven adult below-knee amputees and four non-amputees participated in the study. Testing involved collection of kinematic coordinate data employing a WATSMART video system and ground reaction force data using a Kistler force plate. The degree of lower limb symmetry was determined using bilateral angle-angle diagrams and a chain encoding technique. Ankle, knee and hip joint reaction forces were estimated in order to evaluate the forces acting across the joints of the amputee's contralateral limb. The amputees demonstrated a lesser degree of lower limb symmetry than the non-amputees. This asymmetrical movement was attributed to the inherent variability of the actions of the prosthetic lower limb. The forces acting across the joints of the contralateral limb were not significantly higher than that of the non-amputee. This suggests that, providing the adult amputee has a good prosthetic fit, there will not be increased forces across the joints of the contralateral limb and consequently no predisposition for the long-term wearer to develop premature degenerative arthritis.

scholarly journals Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1315-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Udofa ◽  
Kenneth P. Clark ◽  
Laurence J. Ryan ◽  
Peter G. Weyand
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Time

Although running shoes alter foot-ground reaction forces, particularly during impact, how they do so is incompletely understood. Here, we hypothesized that footwear effects on running ground reaction force-time patterns can be accurately predicted from the motion of two components of the body’s mass (mb): the contacting lower-limb (m1 = 0.08mb) and the remainder (m2 = 0.92mb). Simultaneous motion and vertical ground reaction force-time data were acquired at 1,000 Hz from eight uninstructed subjects running on a force-instrumented treadmill at 4.0 and 7.0 m/s under four footwear conditions: barefoot, minimal sole, thin sole, and thick sole. Vertical ground reaction force-time patterns were generated from the two-mass model using body mass and footfall-specific measures of contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb impact deceleration. Model force-time patterns generated using the empirical inputs acquired for each footfall matched the measured patterns closely across the four footwear conditions at both protocol speeds ( r2 = 0.96 ± 0.004; root mean squared error  = 0.17 ± 0.01 body-weight units; n = 275 total footfalls). Foot landing angles (θF) were inversely related to footwear thickness; more positive or plantar-flexed landing angles coincided with longer-impact durations and force-time patterns lacking distinct rising-edge force peaks. Our results support three conclusions: 1) running ground reaction force-time patterns across footwear conditions can be accurately predicted using our two-mass, two-impulse model, 2) impact forces, regardless of foot strike mechanics, can be accurately quantified from lower-limb motion and a fixed anatomical mass (0.08mb), and 3) runners maintain similar loading rates (ΔFvertical/Δtime) across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angle to regulate the duration of impact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact portion of the impulse to be extracted from measured total ground reaction force-time patterns using motion data from the ankle. The gait adjustments observed across footwear conditions revealed that runners maintained similar loading rates across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angles to regulate the duration of impact.

The Effects of Uni- and Bilateral Fatigue on Postural and Power Tasks

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo H. Marchetti ◽  
Maria I.V. Orselli ◽  
Marcos Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of unilateral and bilateral fatigue on both postural and power bipedal tasks. Ten healthy subjects performed two tasks: bipedal quiet standing and a maximal bipedal counter-movement jumping before and after unilateral (with either the dominant or nondominant lower limb) and bilateral (with both lower limbs) fatigue. We employed two force plates (one under each lower limb) to measure the ground reaction forces and center of pressure produced by subjects during the tasks. To quantify the postural sway during quiet standing, we calculated the resultant center of pressure (COP) speed and COP area of sway, as well as the mean weight distribution between lower limbs. To quantify the performance during the countermovement jumping, we calculated the jump height and the peak force of each lower limb. We observed that both unilateral and bilateral fatigue affected the performance of maximal voluntary jumping and standing tasks and that the effects of unilateral and bilateral fatigue were stronger in the dominant limb than in the nondominant limb during bipedal tasks. We conclude that unilateral neuromuscular fatigue affects both postural and power tasks negatively.

Dynamic Response of Human Legs due to Horizontal Jump

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikanth Ravuri ◽  
Fred Barez ◽  
David Wagner ◽  
Jim Kao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Leap Motion ◽  
Biomechanical Simulation ◽  
Maximum Reaction ◽  
Internal Joint ◽  
Joint Reaction Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Distal Direction

Jumping is a coordinated extension of the human body through combined strength and agility to perform a leap motion far enough for the feet to land on the ground. However, the repeated reaction forces and the resulting stresses on the ankle, knee and hip joints may cause injuries to a person. A primary mechanism of such injuries is suggested to be the acute high impact loads experienced during the landing in a horizontal jump. The goal of this study is to determine the reaction force distribution at the joints in the lower extremities during the horizontal jump. A detailed biomechanical system was constructed to calculate the reaction forces generated during the horizontal jump. The horizontal jump kinematics of a participant was measured using a three-dimensional motion capture system and the landing forces were measured using two force plates. Biomechanical simulation software was used to calculate the internal joint reaction forces at the ankle, knee, and hip. It was determined that the maximum reaction forces primarily occurred in the proximo/distal direction of the hip, 2,300 N; and ankle, 2,700 N. However, at the knee joint, the maximum reaction force was determined to be in antero/posterior direction, at 2,000 N; and proximo/distal direction, at 2,100 N, respectively.

Effects of an Uphill Marathon on Running Mechanics and Lower-Limb Muscle Fatigue

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Giovanelli ◽  
Paolo Taboga ◽  
Enrico Rejc ◽  
Bostjan Simunic ◽  
Guglielmo Antonutto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Finish Line ◽  
Running Mechanics

Purpose:To investigate the effects of an uphill marathon (43 km, 3063-m elevation gain) on running mechanics and neuromuscular fatigue in lower-limb muscles.Methods:Maximal mechanical power of lower limbs (MMP), temporal tensiomyographic (TMG) parameters, and muscle-belly displacement (Dm) were determined in the vastus lateralis muscle before and after the competition in 18 runners (age 42.8 ± 9.9 y, body mass 70.1 ± 7.3 kg, maximal oxygen uptake 55.5 ± 7.5 mL · kg−1 · min−1). Contact (tc) and aerial (ta) times, step frequency (f), and running velocity (v) were measured at 3, 14, and 30 km and after the finish line (POST). Peak vertical ground-reaction force (Fmax), vertical displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg-length change (ΔL), and vertical (kvert) and leg (kleg) stiffness were calculated.Results:MMP was inversely related with race time (r = –.56, P = .016), tc (r = –.61, P = .008), and Δz (r = –.57, P = .012) and directly related with Fmax (r = .59, P = .010), ta (r = .48, P = .040), and kvert (r = .51, P = .027). In the fastest subgroup (n = 9) the following parameters were lower in POST (P < .05) than at km 3: ta (–14.1% ± 17.8%), Fmax (–6.2% ± 6.4%), kvert (–17.5% ± 17.2%), and kleg (–11.4% ± 10.9%). The slowest subgroup (n = 9) showed changes (P < .05) at km 30 and POST in Fmax (–5.5% ± 4.9% and –5.3% ± 4.1%), ta (–20.5% ± 16.2% and –21.5% ± 14.4%), tc (5.5% ± 7.5% and 3.2% ± 5.2%), kvert (–14.0% ± 12.8% and –11.8% ± 10.0%), and kleg (–8.9% ± 11.5% and –11.9% ± 12%). TMG temporal parameters decreased in all runners (–27.35% ± 18.0%, P < .001), while Dm increased (24.0% ± 35.0%, P = .005), showing lower-limb stiffness and higher muscle sensibility to the electrical stimulus.Conclusions:Greater MMP was related with smaller changes in running mechanics induced by fatigue. Thus, lower-limb power training could improve running performance in uphill marathons.

scholarly journals How does the ski boot affect human gait and joint loading?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Karol Lann vel Lace ◽  
Michalina Błażkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Hip Joints ◽  
Joint Reaction Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Anybody Modeling System ◽  
Muscle Torques

Abstract Study aim: To investigate the effect of wearing ski boots on kinematic and kinetic parameters of lower limbs during gait. Furthermore, loads in lower limb joints were assessed using the musculoskeletal model. Material and methods: The study examined 10 healthy women with shoe size 40 (EUR). Kinematic and kinetic data of walking in ski boots and barefoot were collected using a Vicon system and Kistler plates. A musculoskeletal model derived from AnyBody Modeling System was used to calculate joint reaction forces. Results: Wearing ski boots caused the range of motion in the knee joint to be significantly smaller and the hip joint to be significantly larger. Muscle torques were significantly greater in walking in ski boots for the knee and hip joints. Wearing ski boots reduced the reaction forces in the lower limb joints by 18% for the ankle, 16% for the knee, and 39% for the hip. Conclusions: Ski boot causes changes in the ranges of angles in the lower limb joints and increases muscle torques in the knee and hip joints but it does not increase the load on the joints. Walking in a ski boot is not destructive in terms of forces acting in the lower limb joints.

scholarly journals Effect of lower limb dominance on walking adaptations in young adults when stepping into a hole

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Luciana Oliveira Dos Santos ◽  
Andréia Abud da Silva Costa ◽  
Renato Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Normal Walking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Limb Dominance

Background. Depending on the dimensions of a hole, the characteristics of the walking surface, and the position of the hole relative to normal walking, individuals may need to step into the hole with the dominant or non-dominant limb. Aim. We investigated the effect of the lower limb dominance in walking adaptations in the presence of a hole on the ground. Methods: Twenty young adults walked and stepped into a hole positioned in the middle of the pathway using the dominant and non-dominant lower limbs. Results. For the trailing limb, the impulses were not affected by the lower limb dominance, but for the leading limb, the non-dominant leg increased the braking and propulsive impulses compared to the dominant leg. On the other hand, toe-off velocity increased when the non-dominant leg was used as trailing and leading limbs. Stride speed increased when the non-dominant leg was the trailing limb. Interpretation. Our results were consistent with asymmetrical behavior between dominant and non-dominant legs. Although the differences between the dominant and non-dominant legs have not affected the success in the task, they can put the individual at higher risk of stumbling and consequently a fall when stepping with the non-dominant leg into the hole.

scholarly journals Optimal Control of a Magnetically Suspended Under Actuated Robot for Swing-Up Motion

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anirban Mazumdar ◽  
H. Harry Asada
Keyword(s):  
Robot Control ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Dynamic Equations ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Magnetic Forces ◽  
Maximum Reaction ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Steel Surfaces

This paper describes the analysis, design, and implementation of an under-actuated robot control system for swing up motion. The robot, called the “Mag-Foot” robot, uses permanent magnets to adhere to steel surfaces. This robot uses a novel tilting foot design for locomotion and can swing over small obstacles using an underactuated swinging motion. Since the robot can only adhere to the surface using limited (and relatively small) magnetic forces, it may fall down due to the reaction forces caused by the swing-up motion. To prevent failure, an optimal swing up trajectory is designed so that the maximum reaction force during the trajectory is minimized. The trajectories are parameterized using sigmoids and are determined by solving the dynamic equations as a 2 point boundary value problem. Finally, experiments are performed to evaluate the validity of this approach. The results of these experiments are promising and illustrate the validity of our approach.

scholarly journals Ground Reaction Force and Valgus Knee Loading during Landing after a Block in Female Volleyball Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zahradnik ◽  
Jaroslav Uchytil ◽  
Roman Farana ◽  
Daniel Jandacka
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Valgus Knee ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Right

Abstract A non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is both a serious and very common problem in volleyball. The aim of the study was to determine the association between stick, step-back, and run-back landings after a block and select risk factors of ACL injuries for female professional volleyball players. The research sample involved fourteen female professional volleyball players. Two force plates were used to determine ground reaction forces. Eight infrared cameras were employed to collect the kinematic data. The one-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance, where the landing type was the factor, was used for comparing the valgus moment and ground reaction force on the right lower limb. ANOVA showed that the type of landing has a main effect on the valgus moment on the right lower limb (F) = 5.96, p = 0.019df = 1.18, partial ƞ2 = 0.239 and SP = 0.693). Furthermore, it did not show a main effect on the vertical reaction force on the right lower limb ((F)=2.77, p=0.090, df=1.55, partial ƞ2= 0.128 and SP=0.448). The highest valgus moment occurred during the run-back landing. This moment, however, did not have any effect within the first 100 ms after initial contact with the ground, but rather upon the subsequent motion carried out when stepping back off the net. A comparison between a run-back landing and a step-back landing showed relevant higher values of vertical ground reaction forces during the run-back landing.

scholarly journals Can Eccentric Exercise of The Lower Limb Be Made More Efficiently, A Pilot Study.

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Neuromuscular Training ◽  
Therapeutic Exercise

Abstract Background: Eccentric Exercise has been shown to be more effective in building muscle and healing damaged tissue than concentric or isometric exercise. It has also been shown to be effective in increasing motor control. But the duration of therapeutic exercise in physical therapy is limited by insurance to 30-60 minutes a day. Objectives: Four standard therapy eccentric exercises of the lower limbs were compared (toe raise, ball exercise, side lying eccentric exercise and incline board exercise) to a trainer called the BTE Eccentron to see if the efficiency of exercise could be increased using one exercise session to meet or beat the four individual exercises. Subjects and Methods: The study examined eight randomly selected participants with no known medical conditions (neurological or orthopedic) that would preclude their participation (age=24.1+/-2.1 years height=168.9+/-6.4 cm BMI=23.2+/-3.2). EMG was used to assess muscle recruitment in each exercise. The muscles studies were the gastrocnemius, hamstring, hip adductors, and quadriceps muscles. Results: Muscle use on the eccentron was almost double that of the other exercises. Thus, making therapy more efficient. One single exercise bout showed more muscle activation during eccentric exercise than the other four exercises, with an average muscle use almost 4 times higher on the eccentron. Conclusion: The Eccentron offers a considerable advantage for clinical treatment making exercise and neuromuscular training more efficient.

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