Doping knowledge and doping attitudes in competitive bodybuilding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora Marić ◽  
Šime Veršić ◽  
Šimun Vasilj
Keyword(s):  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Active Lifestyle ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Knowl Edge ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Mainstream Society

Purpose: Bodybuilding becomes more visible and acceptable within mainstream society thanks to social media, which is promoting, and developing grooving interest in bodies, fit-ness and active lifestyle. However, this is concerning knowing that according to the latest world anti-doping agency report bodybuilding is one of two sports with the highest number of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRVs) committed by athletes. This study aimed to evaluate doping attitudes and correlates of doping attitudes in top level body builders. Methods: Study included 26 competitive bodybuilders form Croatia. Variables were collect-ed by a previously validated Questionnaire of Substance Use (QSU). Statistical procedures included means and standard deviations (for parametric variables), frequencies and percent-ages (for ordinal and nominal variables). Spearman’s correlations were calculated to deter-mine associations between studied variables. Results: The most positive attitudes are found towards injectable anabolic steroids (mean ± standard deviation; 4.00 ± 1.52), followed by fat burners (3.73 ± 1.46), growth hormone (3.69 ± 1.64), and estrogen blockers (3.60 ± 1.22), oral anabolic steroids (3.58 ± 1.27). Sig-nificant correlation was identified between: (i) result achieved in bodybuilding (RBB) and alcohol consumption, (R= -0.57 p < 0.05) (ii) RBB and subjective knowledge on nutrition (R=0.66, p < 0.05), (iii) RBB and subjective knowledge on doping (R=0.72, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The lack of correlation between self-perceived competence and objectively eval-uated knowledge on nutrition is alarming due to the possible “anchoring effect”, accordingly even though objective knowledge is not correlated with attitudes towards doping substances, it is important to properly educate athletes who are in the misconception of their true knowl-edge.

scholarly journals Urban agriculture: local government stakeholders’ perspectives and informational needs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Campbell ◽  
Shelli D. Rampold
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Study Support

Abstract In many US states, the power to regulate urban agriculture (UA) rests in local governments. Although there has been increased interest in UA, some local governments have been slow to adopt policies or ordinances to foster food production in urban areas or have actively sought to limit UA in their municipalities. To learn more about the disconnect between resident interest and local government policy, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension and Center for Public Issues Education conducted a statewide survey of local government stakeholders (LGS) to assess their attitudes toward UA, subjective knowledge of UA, perceived benefits of and barriers to the implementation of UA and educational needs. Responses were collected using 5-point semantic differential and Likert-type scales. Overall, respondents displayed positive attitudes and moderate knowledge of UA, and they identified a number of benefits of and barriers to implementing UA in their communities. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that lack of basic knowledge about UA is one difficulty in fostering UA. Despite being positively disposed toward UA, LGS may not fully understand how to effectively develop and implement policies to foster UA. This finding may also help explain reluctance to adopt local government policies to support UA. Efforts to provide LGS key information and enhance their knowledge of UA may support the development of UA activities.

scholarly journals Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A Comprehensive Review of Its Consumption, Metabolism, Health Effects, and Toxicity with Sex Differences

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 6210
Author(s):  
Marwa T. Badawy ◽  
Mansour Sobeh ◽  
Jianbo Xiao ◽  
Mohamed A. Farag
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Sexual Performance ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Oral Supplement

Androstenedione is a steroidal hormone produced in male and female gonads, as well as in the adrenal glands, and it is known for its key role in the production of estrogen and testosterone. Androstenedione is also sold as an oral supplement, that is being utilized to increase testosterone levels. Simply known as “andro” by athletes, it is commonly touted as a natural alternative to anabolic steroids. By boosting testosterone levels, it is thought to be an enhancer for athletic performance, build body muscles, reduce fats, increase energy, maintain healthy RBCs, and increase sexual performance. Nevertheless, several of these effects are not yet scientifically proven. Though commonly used as a supplement for body building, it is listed among performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) which is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, as well as the International Olympic Committee. This review focuses on the action mechanism behind androstenedione’s health effects, and further side effects including clinical features, populations at risk, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and toxicokinetics. A review of androstenedione regulation in drug doping is also presented.

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and International Olympic Committee (IOC) list of prohibited substances and methods and their cardiovascular effects

2019 ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Niebauer ◽  
Carl Johan Sundberg
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cardiovascular Side Effects ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Androgenic Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Sports Sciences

The abuse of doping substances is prevalent in sports and in society at large. Doping substances are also present in a substantial fraction of nutritional supplements. They can cause severe side effects. This chapter is focused on cardiovascular side effects. Androgenic anabolic steroids can induce left ventricular hypertrophy, heart fibrosis, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and has been associated with dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction, and coronary artery disease. Beta-2 agonists can induce chronotropic and inotropic effects, QT prolongation, palpitations, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Erythropoietin can induce hypertension and embolism. Use of banned substances and methods in sports, i.e. doping, is prohibited, unethical, and dangerous. Research efforts in sports sciences and sports medicine are needed to prevent and treat doping abuse and to help athletes be successful without the need for doping.

Subjective financial knowledge, prudent behaviour and income

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 934-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonore Riitsalu ◽  
Rein Murakas
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Financial Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Subjective Financial Knowledge ◽  
Behaviour Score

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how subjective and objective knowledge of finance, behaviour in managing personal finances and socio-economic status affect financial well-being. Design/methodology/approach The financial well-being score is constructed in quantitative financial literacy survey data from Estonia as the arithmetic mean of four statements on a five-point scale. Four hypotheses are tested in multiple regression analysis. Findings Subjective knowledge has a stronger relation with financial well-being than objective knowledge. Financial behaviour score and income level correlate with financial well-being. Research limitations/implications The paper contributes to literature on financial literacy, subjective financial knowledge and financial well-being. In future research, psychological factors and future orientated financial well-being should be included, and their relationship to subjective well-being could be analysed further. Practical implications The results highlight the importance of subjective knowledge and sound behaviour for improving financial well-being. Providers of financial services should address these more in the design of their services and communication. Social implications Policymakers developing national strategies for financial education need to address subjective financial knowledge for increasing financial well-being in society. Originality/value Knowledge, behaviour and subjective knowledge have not been used simultaneously in the analysis of financial well-being in Europe before.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE OF THE YOUTH ABOUT THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (AEC) AND THEIR AWARENESSS OF APEC-RELATED OPPORTUNITIES AND THEREATS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (27) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chi Thi Phuong Nguyen ◽  
Thuy Thi Phuong Tran
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Market ◽  
Major Obstacle ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Asean Economic Community

ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) was established in 2015 and many agreements and commitments must be completed by Vietnam in the future. In the context of deeper integration, Vietnamese enterprises are facing competitive pressures in the domestic market. Thus, to take advantage of opportunities and respond to challenges, Vietnamese enterprises need to focus on building a workforce that is keenly aware of the challenges and opportunities of the AEC. This will help consolidate and improve their competitiveness. However, Vietnamese companies and their employees have not been unready for the AEC yet. The lack of  information about the AEC and the instructions become a major obstacle to the economy. The purpose of this research is to measure level of knowledge of the youth about the AEC and estimates its impact on their awarenesss of opportunities and threats related to the AEC. Results from the survey of 214 young  employees show that Vietnamese youth are confident of their subjective knowledge of the AEC, but their objective knowledge of the AEC is quite low. The youth recognized many opportunities and challenges brought by the AEC. Some relevant implications for managers, educational institutions and policymakers are also suggested in this research.

scholarly journals Constructing the Objective World from Subjective Perceptions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Davies
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Objective World ◽  
The Real ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Subjective Perceptions

Starting from two propositions, 1. The observer is part of reality and 2. Observers are independent of each other, we develop an approach to Hume’s problem of scepticism. We show that despite all knowledge coming through subjective perceptions we can nevertheless construct objective or transitive knowledge through relationships between entities, rather than the entities themselves. We posited that some phenomena of the real world are transitive and some are not. Transitive phenomena are transferable between observers without change and are thus independent of observation. Transitive phenomena are relative quantities. Relative quantities are observational invariants and form the building blocks of our objective world. We show objective knowledge is developed from relative quantities whereas subjective knowledge is rooted in absolute quantities. The recognition that transitive quantities are invariants of observation gives them an independence from which we can construct an objective world.

scholarly journals Allophilia and Experience: Predictors of Fear in Developing Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 603-604
Author(s):  
Amber Rusch ◽  
Michaela Clark ◽  
Moyosoreoluwa Jacobs ◽  
Carmen Thomassy ◽  
Julie Hicks Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Positive Attitudes

Abstract Fear of developing dementia is common and has been linked to delays in seeking medical attention (Arlt et al., 2008). We used data from 320 adults (M age = 39.7, SD = 12.3, range 20 – 70) to examine the ways in which objective knowledge and subjective experience with dementia influence positive attitudes toward persons with dementia. We further examined how these constructs related to fear of developing dementia. A path analysis showed the model fit the data well, X2 (DF = 1) = 0.74, p = .39; RMSEA &lt; .001. Objective knowledge and subjective experience were significantly associated with higher allophilia. Allophilia and subjective experiences were associated with personal fear. However, allophilia decreased fear, whereas subjective experiences were associated with increased fear of developing dementia. To clarify these findings, we conducted a moderated regression in which age was examined as a moderator of the relation between allophilia and fear as well as the relation between subjective experience and fear. Significant results were obtained [F (5, 294) = 10.41, p &lt; .001; R2 = .15]. Age moderated the effect of personal experience on fear. Stronger effects emerged for adults in their 20s compared to those in their 40s; similarly, age exerted a stronger effect for those in their 40s than for those in their 50s. Regarding age effects on the relation between allophilia and fear of dementia, for adults in their 20s and 40s, allophilia reduced fear of dementia. For adults in their 50s, allophilia was associated with higher fear.

Plant protection practices: how do risk perception, subjective and objective knowledge influence the preference of German consumers

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Lehberger ◽  
Christine Becker
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Beneficial Insects ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Common Plant

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify which plant protection practices consumers prefer and why. The authors focused on beneficial insects, genetically modified (GM) plants, synthetic chemical pesticides, biological plant protection, mechanical-physical plant protection as well as biotechnical plant protection. The authors studied the effects of the risk perception and both subjective and objective knowledge on preference.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected cross-sectional data from n = 1,223 people living in Germany. For this, the authors used an online panel and quoted participation after age, gender, income and region. The authors used multiple regression analyses and also explored moderation effects of knowledge on risk perception to explain participants' preferences.FindingsThe most preferred plant protection practice in the study sample was the application of beneficial insects. The authors found evidence that risk perception, as well as objective and subjective knowledge, can have a pivotal direct effect on preferences. Additionally, subjective as well as objective knowledge typically moderated the effect of risk perception, depending on the plant protection practice in focus. Overall, the authors found that levels of subjective and objective knowledge of plant protection practices were rather low among German participants.Originality/valueWhile studies on consumer preferences for GM or organic food are abundant, preferences regarding other types of common plant protection practices are hardly investigated. To tackle this research gap, the authors focused on six different and common plant protection practices and compare results.

The effect of knowledge type and culture on arts audiences’ propensity for experience-sharing

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verdiana Chieffi ◽  
Marco Pichierri ◽  
Alessandro M. Peluso ◽  
Cristiana Collu ◽  
Gianluigi Guido
Keyword(s):  
Art Museum ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Art Gallery ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Individualism And Collectivism ◽  
Knowledge Type ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

PurposeThis study examines the effect of both objective knowledge (i.e., what arts audience members actually know about art) and subjective knowledge (i.e., what arts audiences members think they know about art) on their propensity for experience-sharing (i.e., the tendency to share art-related experiences with other individuals). In addition, the study examines the role of culture (i.e., whether arts audiences belong to an individualistic or collectivistic culture) on the above-mentioned relationship.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered through a field survey at a large contemporary art museum in Italy, conducted via a structured questionnaire and analyzed using multiple regression analysis.FindingsResults indicate that both subjective and objective knowledge positively affect arts audiences’ propensity for experience-sharing, such as talking to others about a visit to an art gallery. Moreover, such effects appear to vary depending on culture: objective knowledge seems to positively influence experience-sharing when audiences belong to collectivistic cultures, whereas subjective knowledge seems to positively influence experience-sharing when they belong to individualistic cultures.Practical implicationsThe study’s findings could motivate arts managers to emphasize the implementation of international communication strategies aimed at reinforcing arts audiences’ subjective and objective knowledge since these variables are positively associated with their propensity for experience-sharing with others.Originality/valueThis is the first study to assess the effects of objective and subjective knowledge, alongside the cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism, on arts audiences’ propensity for experience-sharing.

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