Fairness as Successful Competition

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Mika Hämäläinen ◽  

In this paper, I introduce a novel view of fairness: I explain fair sport competition through the notion of successful competition. I begin by analysing successful competition. I propose that competitions can be successful, both internally and externally. Internally successful competition is connected to the internal purpose of competition and has two senses: narrow and wide. Competition was internally successful in the narrow sense if three criteria of ‘betterness’ – official result, ideally adjudicated result, and display of athletic skills – were congruous in that competition. Competition was internally successful in the wide sense if the three aforementioned criteria of betterness were congruous and the competition also embodied ‘sweet tension of uncertainty of outcome’. Externally successful competition is connected to the external purposes of competition. Financial gain is an example of an external purpose. I argue that competition was fair if it was internally successful in the narrow sense, that is, if the three criteria of betterness were congruous in the competition.

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-238
Author(s):  
Torun Zachrisson

The concept odal can be regarded in a narrow sense, i.e. as the inherited landed property of a family. But here it is argued that odal should be viewed in a wide sense - as a mentality that is of great importance to the understanding of Late Iron Age society in Sweden. The article focuses on the material expressions which belonging to a family and possessing a farm could take in the individual farmstead in the Mälar Valley. The Viking Age is interpreted as a time period in which there was a need to make the odal visible. The acts of burying dead relatives on top of the graves of early ancestors, erecting runestones, and possibly also erecting mounds are regarded as ways of guarding, marking, and confirming the possession of the odal in the odal man's own eyes and in his neighbours' and consequently also the odal man's position in society.


Hatred ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Berit Brogaard

In common parlance, “contempt” is often subsumed under “hate.” When we speak of group hate, hate groups, hate crimes, hate speech, hate campaigns, and hate mail, this is the sense of “hate” we have in mind. We can call this the “wide sense” of hate. This chapter offers an analysis of hate and contempt as complex emotions that have other emotions as proper parts. Contempt, it is argued, is composed of disgust and condemnation, which is a strong form of disrespect for or disapproval of a person for her failings overall or as engaged in a particular pursuit. Hate, in its narrow sense, is composed of resentment (or indignation), condemnation, and apprehension. Along the way, it is shown that disrespect is the component that unites what the author calls the “antagonistic emotions.” The latter include anger, resentment, indignation, envy, blame, contempt, and hate.


1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Winka ◽  
Carina Ahlberg ◽  
Ove E. Eriksson

AbstractOstropales, in a wide sense, currently encompasses Ostropales s. str., with a few lichenized genera, and Graphidales, most of which are lichenized. Conotrema is the only lichenized genus undoubtedly placed in Ostropales s. str. We have sequenced the 18S rRNA gene from some key taxa to answer the questions as to whether one ortwo orders should be recognized and whether Conotrema should be kept in Ostropales if Graphidales is recognized. We have new sequences from Conotrema populorum (Stictidaceae, Ostropales), Cyanodermella viridula (Stictidaceae Ostropales), Graphis scripta (Graphidaceae Graphidales) and Diploschistes ocellatus var. almeriensis (Thelotremataceae Graphidales). In an analysis with 41 taxa, thelichenized D. ocellatus var. almeriensis and G. scripta are the sister group of the lichenized C. populorum and the non-lichenized C. viridula and Stictis radiata. Together they form a monophyletic cluster supported by a bootstrap value of 82%. Therefore, it is possible to use the ordinal name Ostropales in a wide sense to include the Graphidales. If Ostropales are conceived in a narrow sense, Conotrema should be kept in the Stictidaceae. Eight new PCR primer sequences are reported.


Author(s):  
Mateusz Zeifert ◽  
Zygmunt Tobor

AbstractIn this article we investigate the relationship between legal translation and legal interpretation. The common wisdom is that these activities are closely related, but the nature of that relationship remains disputable. We adopt the perspective of legal theory—as opposed to the perspective of translation studies—which seems to be underrepresented in the literature of the subject. We start with distinguishing between the two notions of legal interpretation: the wide sense (interpretation as understanding) and the narrow sense (interpretation as problem solving). We argue that the relationship between legal translation and legal interpretation changes significantly depending on the notion of legal interpretation that is assumed. The wide sense is often assumed by translation scholars and it renders legal interpretation as a necessary prerequisite for legal translation. Jurists, on the other hand, usually assume the narrow sense which renders legal interpretation and legal translation as two distinct activities with some shared features. We then focus on four issues of legal interpretation in the narrow sense: the types of legal interpretive problems, the creation of legal interpretive problems, the methods of legal interpretation, the resolution of legal interpretive problems. We conclude with a detailed comparison of legal translation and legal interpretation in the context of those four issues.


2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennadiy Feldman

AbstractWe prove the following theorem. Let {\alpha=a+ib} be a nonzero complex number. Then the following statements hold: (i) Let either {b\neq 0} or {b=0} and {a>0}. Let {\xi_{1}} and {\xi_{2}} be independent complex random variables. Assume that the linear forms {L_{1}=\xi_{1}+\xi_{2}} and {L_{2}=\xi_{1}+\alpha\xi_{2}} are independent. Then {\xi_{j}} are degenerate random variables. (ii) Let {b=0} and {a<0}. Then there exist complex Gaussian random variables in the wide sense {\xi_{1}} and {\xi_{2}} such that they are not complex Gaussian random variables in the narrow sense, whereas the linear forms {L_{1}=\xi_{1}+\xi_{2}} and {L_{2}=\xi_{1}+\alpha\xi_{2}} are independent.


2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Adrian Leka

Abstract In its very existence the human society, and people with one another develop relations between them. This is also supported by the laws of physics that say that the bodies in nature always interacted with each other. As it is already universally accepted that for their nature but not only people are free to decide on their own and to choose what seems right and good for them. But on the other hand this leeway is limited not only by the principles of justice and the interests of other persons but also these necessarily lawful, possible and moral. Legal action by its nature entered in the category of legitimate actions of people. Given the importance that legal actions have civil in relations, our legislation has given importance in its treatment concerning the meaning, form, validity and invalidity of legal actions, condition and term of juridical actions. In a narrow sense of the notion legal actions will be understood as legitimate manifestation of the will of the individual, physical and legal persons, that aim to create, change and/or erase civil rights and obligations that the parties undertake. While in the wide sense of the notion we will understand the legal actions not only as legitimate show of will and as a goal set by the parties but interpretations must also be seen, parties behavior, care, trust shown by them and the effects arising during the implementation of the contract or the effective period during which legal action may be ineffective for purposes of a condition, time, etc. By many modern legislation but also by our current legislation Civil Code of the 1994, legal action is defined in its narrow notion.


1969 ◽  
pp. 91-120
Author(s):  
Yüki Mukai

The aim of our analysis about the grammatical particle wa of the Japanese Language is to prove from the pragmatic-discursive point of view that the wa is not only a particle that indicates informational quantity and quality,but also a particle that is lexicogrammatically represented, reflecting both a (pre-)supposition/assumption about the knowledge or information of interlocutors (i.e., the mental state in a narrow sense), and their intentionality or strategies used by those interlocutors in a given discourse situation (i.e., the mental state in a wide sense).


2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Agus Salim

It has been proven that the different findings in examining Javanese religious life<br />are led by the differences in terms of academic approaches. It includes the ways<br />some key terms are perceived and elaborated. The term ‘Islam’ is defined in its<br />wide sense by one and its narrow sense by the other. The popular rite of Slametan<br />is also elaborated its different aspects by different authors, one leading to Islam<br />and the other leading to animism. The notion of mysticism and mystical practices<br />are also employed to refer to something different, one referring to Sufi tradition,<br />and the other referring to authentic Javanese mystical practices.<br />In addition, authors’ perspectives matter. Particular understanding of some no-tions applied from the beginning of the observation has been guided the attention<br />to particular aspects of religious life. Certain understanding about Islam has made<br />one author emphasize more on the aspects of Islam, rather than different reli-gious tradition. On the other hand, an empty-assumption-like autor to conduct<br />observation on religious life of Javanese has been easily fallen to the dominant<br />view of previous examination on the field. Those factors may lead to using differ-ent sort of data. If a single religious tradition like Islam is considered, the useful resources are textual, since they tell much about the general development of the<br />tradition. However, while no single religious tradition is considered more impor-tant than others, one may find that ethnographical account is the best way to see<br />what kind of religious traditions exist and how the traditions are perceived and<br />practiced. Lastly, as the leading notion and the subsequent sort of data used are<br />different, the aspects of a religious tradition are emphasized differently, one the<br />great and the other the little tradition. Therefore, the awareness -that ‘there is<br />subjective involvement in the process of knowing’ is confirmed in this thesis. It<br />has been proven by the fact that different findings of the same field research are<br />caused by the ways researchers approach the problem. In fact, they have differ-ent approaches.<br />Telah terbukti bahwa perbedaan temuan dilapangan dalam penelitian tentang<br />keberagamaan masyarakat Jawa dipicu adanya perbedaan pendekatan penelitian.<br />Perbedaan tersebut diantaranya adalah perbedaan cara memaknai beberapa<br />kata kunci. Kata ‘Islam’ oleh satu peneliti didefinisikan secara luas, sementara<br />oleh peneliti yang lain didefinisikan secara sempit. Pembahasan tentang Slametan<br />juga ditekankan pada aspek-aspek yang berbeda oleh masing-masing penulis.<br />Hasilnya, sementara yang satu menunjukkan bahwa upacara tersebut Islamik,<br />yang lainnya cenderung animistik. Wacana tentang paham dan praktek mistik<br />juga dikembangkan mengarah pada klaim yang berbeda, yang satu tradisi Sufi,<br />yang lainnya paham kebatinan asli Jawa.<br />Selanjutnya,  beberapa  point  penting  terkait  dengan  perspektif  yang<br />dikembangakan oleh peneliti. Istilah kunci yang dipegang sejak awal menuntun si<br />peneliti untuk menekankan pada beberapa aspek kehidupan keberagamaan. Is-lam yang menjadi faktor penentu mengarahkan si peneliti untuk lebih banyak<br />menekankan data dan penafsirannya pada Islam, daripada tradisi keagamaan<br />lain. Disisi lain, karya yang nampak diawalnya tanpa pretensi apapun tentang<br />tradisi keagamaan tertentu, bahkan mudah jatuh pada tuntunan karya-karya<br />sebelumnya. Faktor-faktor tersebut mengarahkan para peneliti untuk memakai<br />perangkat data yang berbeda. Jika yang banyak diperhitungkan sejak awal adalah<br />suatu tradisi keagamaan tertentu, misalkan Islam, sumber yang lebih berguna<br />adalah text, untuk melihat perkembangan umum dalam beberapa tingkat tradisi.<br />Namun jika tidak ada prioritas satu tradisi tertentu, si peneliti menganggap bahwa<br />catatan ethnography akan lebih banyak berguna. Taerakhir, adanya perbedaan-perbedaan yang telah disebutkan tadi akan mengarahkan pada penekanan pada<br />aspek-aspek tradisi yang berbeda.<br />Dengan demikian, keyakinan bahwa ‘ada pengaruh subjective dalam proses<br />mengetahui’ sebagaimana yang dikembangkan oleh sosiologi pengetahuan telah<br />terbukti dalam. Faktanya adalah pernbedaan temuan lapangan dipengaruhi oleh<br />secara apa masalah penelitian tersebut didekati. Nyatanya, perangkat penelitian<br />yang mereka gunakan memang berbeda.


2013 ◽  
pp. 4-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Grigoryev ◽  
A. Kurdin

The coordination of economic activity at the global level is carried out through different mechanisms, which regulate activities of companies, states, international organizations. In spite of wide diversity of entrenched mechanisms of governance in different areas, they can be classified on the basis of key characteristics, including distribution of property rights, mechanisms of governance (in the narrow sense according to O. Williamson), mechanisms of expansion. This approach can contribute not only to classifying existing institutions but also to designing new ones. The modern aggravation of global problems may require rethinking mechanisms of global governance. The authors offer the universal framework for considering this problem and its possible solutions.


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