Slavery in Africa

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Slave Trade ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Slave Resistance ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Building Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sliding Scale ◽  
New Research

The role and consequences of slavery in the history of Africa have been brought to the fore recently in historical, anthropological, and archaeological research. Public remembrances — such as Abolition 2007 in Great Britain, which marked the bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act and which this book also commemorates — have also stimulated considerable interest. There is a growing realisation that enslavement, whether as part of a sliding scale of ‘rights in persons’ or due to acts of violence, has a history on the African continent that extends back in time long before the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. The nature of such enslavement is obscured by the lack of resolution in historical sources before the middle of the second millennium ad. Ground-breaking archaeological research is now building models for approaching slave labour systems via collaboration with historians and the critical scrutiny of historical data. Generally, such new research focuses at the landscape scale; rather than attempting to find physical evidence of slavery per se, it assesses the settlement systems of slavery-based economies, and the depopulation and abandonment that followed from wars of enslavement. This book offers chapters on recent archaeological studies of slavery, slave resistance and its contemporary commemoration, alongside archaeological assessments of the economic, environmental, and political consequences of slave trading in a variety of historical and geographical settings.

The Archaeology of Medieval Nubian Kingdoms

2021 ◽  
pp. 828-846
Author(s):  
Artur Obłuski
Keyword(s):  
Church Architecture ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medieval Nubia ◽  
Regional Perspective

The following chapter approaches the archaeology of medieval Nubia from a regional perspective. First, it presents the nomenclature used for chronology, then the history of archaeological research in Nubia determined by construction of dams on the Nile. The focus of the paper are the settlement systems of two medieval Nubian kingdoms: Nobadia and Makuria. Alwa is treated lightly due to the limited data. They are discussed in a static (settlement hierarchy) and dynamic perspective (integration of settlement systems in time). Church architecture as an indicator of regionalism is also debated. Some topics integrally associated with archaeology of Nubia like historical sources (Ruffini, this volume), languages (Łajtar and Ochała, this volume), capitals of the states (Żurawski, this volume), art and pottery (Zielińska, this volume) are generally absent here but are tackled by other authors in the same volume.

Formation of the Phrygian state: the Early Iron Age at Gordion

2000 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Voigt ◽  
Robert C. Henrickson
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
European Language ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

A brief history of archaeological research at Gordion Piecing together documentary sources from areas to the east and west of Anatolia, historians agree that in the eighth century BC, central Anatolia was dominated by people who spoke an Indo-European language, Phrygian (Mellink 1991: 621; Muscarella 1995: 92 with refs). From historical sources we also know the location of the Phrygians' capital, Gordion: Quintus Curtius (Hist Alex III.1–2) states that the city lay on the Sangarios River ‘equally distant from the Pontic and Cilician Seas’. Using this description, Gustav and Augustus Körte travelled across Turkey more than a century ago looking for the physical remains of Gordion and Phrygia. They eventually focused on a mound lying adjacent to the Sangarios or modern Sakarya. The mound, now called Yassıhöyük, is large relative to others in the region, and lies in the proper geographical setting for ancient Gordion; a series of artificial mounds or tumuli scattered across nearby slopes provides additional evidence of the settlement's importance.

Sicilian Theatres with Paraskenia Scene Buildings: An Updated Framework for their Chronological Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 227-248
Author(s):  
Maria Panagiotonakou
Keyword(s):  
Asia Minor ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Magna Graecia ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Construction ◽  
Interpretative Framework ◽  
Comprehensive Coverage

Hellenistic theatre in Magna Graecia and Sicily differs in morphology from its contemporaries in Greece and Asia Minor. Since the beginning of the previous century, scholars have developed a discussion on a variety of issues in their attempt to better understand the architectural evolution of the Sicilian stone theatres, and in particular of their scene building. The most apparent and persistent problems lie in the uncertainty of dating and the morphology of each of the scene buildings. That is due to various difficulties that will be discussed further into this article. Over the last 100 years, this broad discussion has led to very different conclusions and interpretive proposals, especially regarding the dating of the original construction, the identification of the various building phases of these theatres, and the reconstruction proposals for their scene buildings. The issue of dating is related to the issue of the Romanization of Sicily and so far, it has been one of the most problematic chapters in the history of the island.1 Researchers evaluate differently both archaeological finds and historical sources, thus resulting in divergent interpretations of the significance of this period in the history of Sicily. With the results of the archaeological research of the last 30 years, the debate has been rekindled, causing a true polemic. At the epicenter of the enduring controversy are the four theatres with paraskenia scene buildings, namely the theatres of Tyndaris, Segesta, Solous and Iaitas. In this brief survey of the status quaestionis of the dating of these theatres, which makes no claims to comprehensive coverage, it is my intention to suggest that with the progress of archaeological research and the increase of scholarship on Hellenistic Sicily, we are offered arguments that can help us form a fresh interpretative framework for the chronological integration of these theatres and their architectural evolution.

EXPLORATION OF THE EASTERN GATE AND FORTRESS WALLS OF THE MEDIEVAL CITY OF SYGANAK

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
K ZHETIBAYEV ◽  
B SYZDYKOV ◽  
M BAKHTYBAYEV ◽  
M GURSOY
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Political ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Syr Darya

The article, based on medieval historical sources and research conducted on the medieval city of Sygnak, provides a brief overview of the role and significance of the city in the history of the Kazakh nation.One of the major centers on the Great Silk Road, the most important city on the Syr Darya, Sygnak has long been a well-developed culture, economy, crafts and trade, agriculture and cattle breeding.In the XI–XIII centuries it was known as one of the centers of the Kypchak Khanate, in the XIV–XV centuries it was the capital of Ak Orda, and in the XV–XVI centuries it was the capital of the Kazakh Khanate, becoming the political and economic center of the khanate. The defensive system of the medieval city of Sygnak, including the fortified walls with gates, has not been sufficiently studied, therefore, within the framework of this topic, we decided to conduct research work, identify the specifics of the city's defensive system and introduce it into scientific circulation.The article examines the results of archaeological research carried out at the medieval settlement of Syganak, analyzes the architectural features of the eastern gates and fortress walls of the city, manufacturing technology and building materials. In addition, a comparative analysis of the Signak gate with the gates of medieval cities in the region was carried out and additional scientific conclusions were drawn. Based on field data obtained during the excavations, the chronology of the eastern gate and fortress walls was determined.

Regimes of Memory: the Case of the Netherlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-479
Author(s):  
Pieter Emmer
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Slave Resistance ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dutch Caribbean ◽  
Second World

The Netherlands is not known for its opposing regimes of memory. There are two exceptions to this rule: the history of the German Occupation during the Second World War and the Dutch participation in the Atlantic slave trade and slavery. The relatively low numbers of survivors of the Holocaust in the Netherlands, as well as the volume and the profitability of the Dutch slave trade and slavery, and the importance of slave resistance in abolishing slavery in the Dutch Caribbean have produced conflicting views, especially between professional historians and the descendants of slaves living in the Netherlands.

Archaeology of the Métis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kisha Supernant
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Indigenous Identity ◽  
Use Of Space ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Broad Understanding

This article reviews the history of Métis archaeological research in Canada. The Métis of Canada arose as a distinct Indigenous identity in the postcontact period and provide an interesting archaeological case study to explore how and why new cultures emerge. Previous research attempted to correlate patterns in material culture with Métis identity, particularly in terms of economy, use of space, and certain artifact types. New research has the potential to take a more nuanced approach to the process of identification among the Métis, to contribute to a broad understanding of ethnogenesis, and to do research that is relevant to the contemporary Métis community, as well as the discipline of historical archaeology.

scholarly journals Deconstructing ‘The Sense of Place’? Settlement Systems, Field Survey, and the Historic Record: a Case-study from Central Greece

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 123-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bintliff ◽  
Oliver Dickinson ◽  
Phil Howard ◽  
Anthony Snodgrass
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Place ◽  
Landscape Archaeology ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
New Information ◽  
Surface Survey ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historic Record

After a generation of intensive regional surface survey in the Mediterranean lands, it is both necessary and enlightening to evaluate the ways in which this new approach has produced results which either support, or demand modifications to, or directly challenge, previous ideas on the evolution of human settlement systems in this macro-region. Given that many regional survey projects have only recently achieved final publication, or are in the final stages of so doing, the implications of these recent discoveries are only now becoming apparent or discussed. The present paper is one attempt to draw wider conclusions from a region of Central Greece – the province of Boeotia, where the author has been conducting intensive survey since 1979. Specifically it compares the state of knowledge regarding the settlement evolution of the region based upon an earlier topographic and extensive survey tradition (Tossey 1988), with the results now available from the author and colleagues' intensive survey in two districts of the province.A radical reinterpretation of the later prehistoric settlement systems is proposed with significant modifications also to the reconstruction of Classical and Hellenistic settlement networks. Closer agreement with prior knowledge is found with the new information for Roman and Late Roman settlement, whilst the further evolution of regional communities in medieval and post-medieval times – left out of Tossey's Gazetteer – can now be set out in some detail. The latter periods, as a result of highly informative historical sources, especially village tax registers, provide a cautionary tale in the complexities of matching archaeological settlement ‘continuities’ or ‘shifts’ with population and ethnic continuity. The overall analysis for the long-term settlement history of the province leads to the suggestion that similarities in settlement patterns have more to do with geography ‘constraining and enabling’ than with continuities of particular population or ethnic groups. This could seriously undermine the currently fashionable emphasis in Landscape Archaeology on the role of ‘memory’ and a ‘sense of place’ in the interpretation of past settlement networks.

scholarly journals Kerajaan Loloda: Melacak Jejak Arkeologi dan Sejarah

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Wuri Handoko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Historical Text ◽  
History Of

A few historical source mention the Kingdom of Loloda as one of the great kingdoms of North Maluku, contemporaneous with the four Islamic kingdoms that developed into sultanates, namely Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo. However, compared to these powers, the development of Islamic rule in Loloda is not well known through historical sources, and the kingdom is even said to have collapsed in the early 20th century. In this article I discuss the results of research to trace archaeological evidence about the history of the Kingdom of Loloda. Starting with literary sources, I then describe the results of archaeological surveys in the area mentioned in historical text and public information. Archaeological surveys indicate that the center of the Loloda kingdom was located in the Loloda watershed in Loloda Sub-district, Halmahera Barat District. Archaeological research results suggest the Kingdom of Loloda grew from the 15th century and experienced collapse at the time of European colonialism.Kerajaan Loloda dalam teks sumber sejarah yang terbatas, disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu kerajaan besar di Maluku Utara, sezaman dengan empat aliansi kerajaan Islam yang berkembang menjadi kesultanan yakni, Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, dan Jailolo. Namun dibanding keempat kekuasaan Islam itu, Loloda tidak diketahui perkembangannya, bahkan disebut runtuh pada awal abad 20 dan hilang dalam catatan sejarah perkembangan kekuasaan Islam. Penulisan ini berdasar pada hasil penelitian untuk melacak bukti-bukti arkeologi tentang sejarah Kerajaan Loloda. Dimulai dari pengumpulan sumber literatur, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan survei arkeologi di wilayah yang disebut dalam teks sejarah dan informasi masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil survei arkeologi, diketahui adanya lokasi yang menjadi indikasi pusat kerajaan Loloda di DAS (daerah aliran sungai) Loloda di Kecamatan Loloda Kabupaten Halmahera Barat. Hasil penelitian arkeologi menggambarkan bahwa Kerajaan Loloda  berkembang pada abad 16 dan mengalami keruntuhan sesudahnya ketika kolonialisme bangsa Eropa berkembang di wilayah itu.

scholarly journals The Results of New Research in the Tigray Region, Ethiopia: Three Rock-hewn Churches of Kola Tembien as Historical Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-186
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Klyuev ◽  
◽  
Valeria N. Semenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Cooperative Research ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Tigray Region ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the results of research focused on three rock-hewn churches, which are not well-represented in literature, in Kola Tembien of the Tigray region in Ethiopia. Fieldwork was carried out with the financial support of the Russian foundation for Basic Research. Trips to the site were conducted in the autumn of 2019 and 2020. The problems of dating and typology is the focus of this research. In the article, three churches are described — Mikaʼel ʽAddi Kawa, Abunä Fäqadä Amlak in ʽAdi Śərä and Maryam Degol Chako. Special reference is made to the architectural ties of these three monuments with others of the region in order to reveal the possible mutual influence of architectural constructions and some decorative elements. Information on these churches has not been published since the time of cooperative research by Ruth Plant and David Buxton in the 1970s. Particular attention in the article is paid to the churches Abunä Fäqadä Amlak inʽAdi Śərä and Maryam Degol Chako as they have very rich paintings on canvas dating from the middle of the XX century. These paintings are valuable not only as art objects of Christian Ethiopia, but also as important sources of the cultural and political history of Tigray. Unfortunately, the preservation of these paintings in the studied churches raises concerns. The article presents new authentic material on the described churches. Photographs of the interiors are published for the first time. In addition, on the basis of the iconographic and architectural analysis, a number of hypotheses by the author are presented for further discussion and verification. It is worth noting the possibility of reconstructing the previous basilica rock-hewn churches into centric structures by building the interior the walls.

A distant past, a present heritage: The pre-colonial settlements of Chapecó, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (101) ◽  
pp. 67-98
Author(s):  
Mirian Carbonera ◽  
Jaisson Lino ◽  
André Onghero ◽  
Jessica Giaretta
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
The West ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

The article presents a critical and synthetic evaluation of the pre-colonial archaeological researches in the geographical limits of the city of Chapecó and region, located in the west of the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. The study area has a long history of archaeological research, including amateur and academic investigations since the first half of the 20th century and through the licensing of engineering works. There is a result, even if partial and general, of the different settlement systems that occupied the region in times before European colonization

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