Evidence, Inference and Enquiry

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Health History ◽  
University College London ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Evidence For Policy ◽  
Based Medicine

Evidence — its nature and interpretation — is the key to many topical debates and concerns such as global warming, evolution, the search for weapons of mass destruction, DNA profiling, and evidence-based medicine. In 2004, University College London launched a cross-disciplinary research programme ‘Evidence, Inference and Enquiry’ to explore the question: ‘Can there be an integrated multidisciplinary science of evidence?’ While this question was hotly contested and no clear final consensus emerged, much was learned on the journey. This book, based on the closing conference of the programme held at the British Academy in December 2007, illustrates the complexity of the subject, with seventeen chapters written from a diversity of perspectives including Archaeology, Computer Science, Economics, Education, Health, History, Law, Psychology, Philosophy, and Statistics. General issues covered include principles and systems for handling complex evidence, evidence for policy-making, and human evidence-processing, as well as the very possibility of systematising the study of evidence.

Essential Dental Public Health

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blánaid Daly ◽  
Paul Batchelor ◽  
Elizabeth Treasure ◽  
Richard Watt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Dental Public Health ◽  
Oral Health Promotion ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Based Medicine

Public health is a key concern of modern dental practitioners as they continue to play a vital role in the health of populations across the world. The second edition of Essential Dental Public Health identifies the links between clinical practice and public health with a strong emphasis on evidence-based medicine. Fully revised and updated for a second edition, this textbook is split into four parts covering all the need-to-know aspects of the subject: the principles of dental public health, oral epidemiology, prevention and oral health promotion, and the governance and organization of health services. Essential Dental Public Health is an ideal introduction to the field for dentistry undergraduates, as well as being a helpful reference for postgraduates and practitioners.

The Protection of the Person is Central in CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-272
Author(s):  
Michel Vallotton ◽  
Sian Fluss ◽  
Gian Sjolin Forsberg
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Nongovernmental Organization ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
And Storage

In this brief article the authors report on the objectives of this nongovernmental organization and, most particularly, on the protection of the person in its International Ethical Guidelines for the fields of clinical trials and epidemiological studies. They emphasize the terminology used to describe the subjects or the populations involved in these studies. They discuss the possibility and nature of harm to persons involved in such studies, and justify the requirement for informed consent also for the persons involved in epidemiological studies. Finally, they consider the roles of such trials and studies as the basis for evidence-based medicine, including cases when their results are pooled in meta-analysis. This methodology is the subject of examination by a CIOMS Working Group of  problems concerning identification and selection criteria, analysis and interpretation of results (including unpublished results), and storage of data.

scholarly journals Evidence-based policy as reflexive practice. What can we learn from evidence-based medicine?

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Bal
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Clinical Guidelines ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Evidence Based Policy ◽  
Reflexive Practice ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Based Medicine

The call for evidence-based policy is often accompanied by rather uncritical references to the success of evidence-based medicine, leading to often unsuccessful translation attempts. In this paper, I reflect on the practice of evidence-based medicine in an attempt to sketch a more productive approach to translating evidence into the practice of policy making. Discussing three episodes in the history of evidence-based medicine – clinical trials, and the production and use of clinical guidelines – I conclude that the success of evidence-based medicine is based on the creation of reflexive practices in which evidence and practice can be combined productively. In the conclusion, I discuss the prospects of such a practice for evidence-based policy.

scholarly journals Epistemologies of evidence-based medicine: a plea for corpus-based conceptual research in the medical humanities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Buts ◽  
Mona Baker ◽  
Saturnino Luz ◽  
Eivind Engebretsen
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Conceptual Research ◽  
Communication Supports

AbstractEvidence-based medicine has been the subject of much controversy within and outside the field of medicine, with its detractors characterizing it as reductionist and authoritarian, and its proponents rejecting such characterization as a caricature of the actual practice. At the heart of this controversy is a complex linguistic and social process that cannot be illuminated by appealing to the semantics of the modifier evidence-based. The complexity lies in the nature of evidence as a basic concept that circulates in both expert and non-expert spheres of communication, supports different interpretations in different contexts, and is inherently open to contestation. We outline a new methodology that combines a social epistemological perspective with advanced methods of corpus linguistics and elements of conceptual history to investigate this and other basic concepts that underpin the practice and ethos of modern medicine. The potential of this methodology to offer new insights into controversies such as those surrounding EBM is demonstrated through a case study of the various meanings supported by evidence and based, as attested in a large electronic corpus of online material written by non-experts as well as a variety of experts in different fields, including medicine.

scholarly journals Features on Sale in Dual-Use Items

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Vasile Dinu ◽  
Cristina Lazar ◽  
Ion-Stelian Chihai
Keyword(s):  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
The Subject

Abstract This study addresses a very special issue, i.e. the import-export of those products, goods and technology that normally have civilian uses, but which, because of their nature, may also have military applications. In our opinion, the subject is particularly interesting since these products are related to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction. Therefore, we aimed at highlighting the most important aspects of the marketing standards and practices for the control on dual-use items, with reference to the national and international legal systems in the field. We used the latest bibliography, focusing on documentary sources for certain credibility.

Thinking about medicine

2017 ◽  
pp. 0-23
Author(s):  
Ian B. Wilkinson ◽  
Tim Raine ◽  
Kate Wiles ◽  
Anna Goodhart ◽  
Catriona Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Hippocratic Oath ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Bedside Manner ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Based Medicine

This chapter explores the subject of medicine. It includes the Hippocratic oath, medical care, diagnosis, bedside manner, communication skills, prescribing drugs, life on the wards, dealing with death, medical ethics, psychiatry, the older person, the pregnant woman, epidemiology, randomized controlled trials, medical mathematics, evidence-based medicine, and medicalization.

The Trauma of 9/11: 2001–2002

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-104
Author(s):  
John L. Helgerson
Keyword(s):  
September 11 ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Terrorist Threat ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Us Intervention ◽  
Invasion Of Iraq ◽  
Intelligence Officer

John Helgerson’s tenure began just six weeks before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The terrorist threat had been the subject of major analyses produced during John Gannon’s tenure; it became the overwhelming priority after 9/11. Helgerson describes the early responses as well as the longer-term analyses of the evolving terrorist threat and the new landscape of counterterrorist cooperation with traditional allies and former adversaries alike. The US intervention in Afghanistan to topple the Taliban regime gave way to a new focus on Iraq. The ostensible rationale for the invasion of Iraq was a controversial national intelligence estimate on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Although the NIE was published in the interval between Helgerson’s tenure and his successor’s, the chapter assesses the estimate and the decision to go to war in Iraq through the analysis of National Intelligence Officer Paul Pillar, who straddled both tenures.

Political Action, Error and Failure: The Epistemological Limits of Complexity

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Little
Keyword(s):  
Complexity Theory ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Epistemological Obstacles

The trend in government and public policy towards evidence-based policy making has recently been the subject of criticism from authors such as Ian Sanderson who argue that the insights of complexity theory undermine the claims of evidence that these forms of policy design advocate. While taking on board the primary claim of this critique, this article examines the contribution of complexity theory in more detail to suggest that the epistemological obstacles that complexity science identifies also challenge the kind of pragmatic, deliberative model that Sanderson prefers. Instead, it examines the work of Michael Freeden on failure and Michel Foucault on error to demonstrate the ways in which approaches that are less wedded to epistemological certainty can enable policy makers to think more creatively about the complex terrain they must navigate and develop more innovative and less risk-averse forms of political action.

Is Drift a Serious Alternative to Natural Selection as an Explanation of Complex Adaptive Traits?

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 10-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott Sober
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Known Unknowns ◽  
Donald Rumsfeld ◽  
The U.S

‘There are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don’t know we don’t know.’ —Donald Rumsfeld, 2003, President George W. Bush’s Secretary of Defense, on the subject of the U.S. government’s failure to discover weapons of mass destruction in Iraq

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