Spatial variability of physical attributes of cambisol under cassava cultivation in Southern Amazonas

Geostatistical and multivariate techniques have been widely used to identify and characterize the soil spatial variability, as well as to detect possible relationships between soil properties and management. Besides that, these techniques provide information regarding the spatial and temporal structural changes of soils to support better decision-making processes and management practices. Although the Zona da Mata region is a reference for sugarcane production in the northeast of Brazil, only a few studies have been carried out to clarify the effects of different management on soil physical attributes by using geostatistical and multivariate techniques. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (I) to characterize the spatial distribution of soils physical attributes under rainfed and irrigated sugarcane cultivations; (II) to identify the minimum sampling for the determination of soil physical attributes; (III) to detect the effects of the different management on soil physical attributes based on the principal component analysis (PCA). The study was carried out in the agricultural area of the Carpina Sugarcane Experimental Station of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, 7&#186;51&#8217;13&#8221;S, 35&#186;14&#8217;10&#8221;W, characterized by a Typic Hapludult with sandy clay loam soil texture. The investigated plot, cultivated with sugarcane, included a rainfed and an irrigated treatment in which a sprinkler system was installed according to a 12x12m grid. The interval between consecutive watering was fixed in two days, whereas irrigation depth was calculated to replace crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and accounting for the effective precipitation of the period. Daily ETc was estimated based on crop coefficient and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) indirectly obtained through a class A evaporation pan. In both treatments, the soil spatial variability was determined according to a 56x32m grid, on 32 soil samples collected in the 0.0-0.1m soil layer, spaced 7x8m, and georeferenced with a global position system. The soil was physically characterized according to the following attributes: bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (SPR), macroporosity (Macro), mesoporosity (Meso), microporosity (Micro), total porosity (TP), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), gravimetric soil water content (SWCg), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mean weight diameter (MWD). The results of the descriptive statistics showed that among the studied attributes, Ksat, SPR, and Macro presented higher CV values, equal to 63 and 69%, 35 and 40%, and 32 and 44%, under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. The minimum sampling, adequate to characterize the different soil attributes, resulted in general smaller in the rainfed area, characterized by higher homogeneity. Thus, the GMD, SWCg (both with 2 points ha-1), and SPR (with 6 points ha-1) were identified as the soil physical attributes requiring the lowest sample density; on the other hand, MWD and Ksat, with 14 and 15 points ha-1, respectively, required the highest number of samples. Pearson&#8217;s correlation analysis evidenced that soil BD was the most influential physical attribute in the studied areas, with a significant and inverse effect in most of the investigated attributes. The geostatistical approach associated with the multivariate PCA provided to understand the relationships between the spatial distribution patterns associated with irrigated and rainfed management and soil physical properties.

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Spatial and multivariate analysis of soybean productivity and soil physical-chemical attributes

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n6p446-453 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 446-453

Author(s):

Ricardo N. Buss ◽

Raimunda A. Silva ◽

Glécio M. Siqueira ◽

Jairo O. R. Leiva ◽

Osmann C. C. Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Covariance Structure ◽

Principal Component ◽

Spherical Model ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Soil Attributes ◽

Physical Attributes ◽

Chemical Attributes

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of soybean yield, carbon stock, and soil physical attributes using multivariate and geostatistical techniques. The attributes were determined in Oxisols samples with clayey and cohesive textures collected from the municipality of Mata Roma, Maranhão state, Brazil. In the study area, 70 sampling points were demarcated, and soybean yield and soil attributes were evaluated at soil depths of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. Data were analysed using multivariate analyses (principal component analysis, PCA) and geostatistical tools. The mean soybean yield was 3,370 kg ha-1. The semivariogram of productivity, organic carbon (OC), and carbon stock (Cst) at the 0-0.20 m layer were adjusted to the spherical model. The PCA explained 73.21% of the variance and covariance structure between productivity and soil attributes at the 0-0.20 m layer [(PCA 1 (26.89%), PCA 2 (24.10%), and PCA 3 (22.22%)] and 68.64% at the 0.20-0.40 m layer [PCA 1 (31.95%), PCA 2 (22.83%), and PCA 3 (13.85%)]. The spatial variability maps of the PCA eigenvalue scores showed that it is possible to determine management zones using PCA 1 in the two studied depths; however, with different management strategies for each of the layers in this study.

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Spatial variability of physical attributes of an alfisol under different hillslope curvatures

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832010000300003 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 617-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Livia Arantes Camargo ◽

José Marques Júnior ◽

Gener Tadeu Pereira

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Agricultural Systems ◽

Soil Attributes ◽

Physical Attributes ◽

The Mean ◽

Student’S T ◽

Resistance To Penetration

The influence of relief forms has been studied by several authors and explains the variability in the soil attributes of a landscape. Soil physical attributes depend on relief forms, and their assessment is important in mechanized agricultural systems, such as of sugarcane. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variability in the physical soil attributes and their relationship to the hillslope curvatures in an Alfisol developed from sandstone and growing sugarcane. Grids of 100 x 100 m were delimited in a convex and a concave area. The grids had a regular spacing of 10 x 10 m, and the crossing points of this spacing determined a total of 121 georeferenced sampling points. Samples were collected to determine the physical attributes related to soil aggregates, porosity, bulk density, resistance to penetration and moisture within the 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m depth. Statistical analyses, geostatistics and Student's t-tests were performed with the means of the areas. All attributes, except aggregates > 2 mm in the 0-0.2 m depth and macroporosity at both depths, showed significant differences between the hillslope curvatures. The convex area showed the highest values of the mean weighted diameter, mean geometric diameter, aggregates > 2 mm, 1-2 mm aggregates, total porosity and moisture and lower values of bulk density and resistance to penetration in both depth compared to the concave area. The number of soil attributes with greater spatial variability was higher in the concave area.

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Effects of spatial variability on soil physical attributes in areas cultivated with cassava prepared with different tillage systems

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v8i2.1030 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 221-229

Author(s):

Edney Leandro Da Vitória ◽

Adriano Alves Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Strong Dependence ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Classical Statistics ◽

Physical Attributes

The objective of this study was to understand the effect of the spatial variability of the soil physical attributes in areas cultivated with cassava with different soil tillage systems, using the techniques of classical statistics and geostatistics. The experiment was carried in 2013 in São Mateus - ES, Brazil, on a cohesive ultisol, with a plan relief. The preparation of the soil for transplanting were made in two adjacent areas of approximately 0.5 ha each, using up to two passes of a harrow disk or two passes of a chisel plow. The following soil physical attributes were studied 90 days after transplanting: soil density (DS), macroporosity (Macro) and microporosity (Micro), soil water content according to two preparations systems and two depth ranges. Eighty plants were randomly selected to perform the experiment. The soil physical properties resulted in spatial variability due to the strong dependence for all variables, tillage system and soil depth. The semivariograms were adjusted to the spherical and exponential models for the evaluated physical attributes. Except for water content, it was observed an increase in the range (A0) with increasing depth for both tillage systems. The soil water content presented a decrease about 23% for the harrowing and scarification systems.

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Predicting Soil Water Content on Rainfed Maize through Aerial Thermal Imaging

AgriEngineering ◽

10.3390/agriengineering3040059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 942-953

Author(s):

Matheus Gabriel Acorsi ◽

Leandro Maria Gimenez

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Water Status ◽

Canopy Temperature ◽

Crop Water ◽

Soil Water Status ◽

Physical Attributes

Restrictions on soil water supply can dramatically reduce crop yields by affecting the growth and development of plants. For this reason, screening tools that can detect crop water stress early have been long investigated, with canopy temperature (CT) being widely used for this purpose. In this study, we investigated the relationship between canopy temperature retrieved from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) based thermal imagery with soil and plant attributes, using a rainfed maize field as the area of study. The flight mission was conducted during the late vegetative stage and at solar noon, when a considerable soil water deficit was detected according to the soil water balance model used. While the images were being taken, soil sampling was conducted to determine the soil water content across the field. The sampling results demonstrated the spatial variability of soil water status, with soil volumetric water content (SVWC) presenting 10.4% of variation and values close to the permanent wilting point (PWP), reflecting CT readings that ranged from 32.8 to 40.6 °C among the sampling locations. Although CT correlated well with many of the physical attributes of soil that are related to water dynamics, the simple linear regression between CT and soil water content variables yielded coefficients of determination (R2) = 0.42, indicating that CT alone might not be sufficient to predict soil water status. Nonetheless, when CT was combined with some soil physical attributes in a multiple linear regression, the prediction capacity was significantly increased, achieving an R2 value = 0.88. This result indicates the potential use of CT along with certain soil physical variables to predict crop water status, making it a useful tool for studies exploring the spatial variability of in-season drought stress.

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Moisture Behavior to the Spatial Variability of Physical Attributes in Different Soil Management

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2018/42726 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Claudinei Guimarães ◽

Felipe Silva ◽

Warlles Xavier ◽

Carlos Costa ◽

Raimundo Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Soil Management ◽

Physical Attributes

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SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF RUBBER TREE DENDROMETRICS CHARACTERISTICS AND SOIL PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES

Journal of Geospatial Modelling ◽

10.22615/2526-1746-jgm-2.2-7856 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

Glecio Machado Siqueira ◽

Sidney Rosa Viera ◽

Luiza Honora Pierre ◽

Celia Regina Grego

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Physical Attributes

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Spatial variability of soil physical attributes in sugarcane using different row spacings

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.20.14.09.p2394 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1399-1404

Author(s):

Wildon Panziera ◽

Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de Lima ◽

Jean Michel Moura Bueno ◽

Eloy Antonio Pauletto ◽

Sergio Delmar dos Anjos e Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Double Row ◽

Single Row ◽

Grid Design ◽

Physical Attributes ◽

Soil Measurements ◽

The Impact

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of harvesting traffic by evaluating the spatial variability of soil physical attributes on a clayey Oxisol under sugarcane cultivation using different row spacing. Two areas of sugarcane production (RB855156 genotype) were planted in autumn 2013, both using conventional planting systems. Treatments were either sugarcane cultivated using: (i) single-row spacing (SR) of 1.50 m; or (ii) double-row spacing (DR) of 0.40 × 1.50 m. Areas using SR spacing occupied a total of 6 ha areas using DR spacing occupied a total of 2 ha. Assessments of soil physical attributes were performed during the summer of 2016 after the second harvest. Soil measurements in each area were done at 100 points using a grid design with dimensions of 10 m long by 5 m wide. Soil sampling was taken from the 0.00-0.10 m layer, from points distributed along the planted row and the machine’s wheel track. The following soil physical attributes were assessed: bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, soil penetration resistance, and water contentat field capacity. Bd and PR in the single-row spacing showed critical values for adequate sugarcane root development. The highest spatial variability of PR and Ma was found in double-row spacing, however, this spacing arrangement promoted a better soil physical conditions.

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SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES, LITTER AND SOIL CARBON STOCK IN A FAMILY FARMING SYSTEM IN TOCANTINS

Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - REVENG ◽

10.13083/reveng.v28i.8053 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 37-50

Author(s):

Wilma Dias Santana ◽

Antônio Clementino dos Santos ◽

Amanda Da Silva Reis ◽

Rodrigo De Castro Tavares ◽

Gilson Araújo de Freitas

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Farming System ◽

Native Forest ◽

Family Farming ◽

Soil Carbon Stock ◽

Physical Attributes

The monitoring of soil attributes allows the evaluation of its ability to perform its functions within an agroecosystem. The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil physical attributes, litter and carbon stock in a family farming system in the Cerrado Tocantinense. The area is located in the southern region in the state in the municipality of Aliança do Tocantins. Four types of land use were diagnosed in the area: brachiaria pasture intercropped with stylosanthes, Andropogon pasture, orchard and native forest. The native forest was considered as a reference. The study area totaled 7.9 ha-1 in which it was distributed an irregular sample grid composed of 160 points. Deformed and undeformed samples were collected for each georeferenced point at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, as well as samples to determine the litter and soil carbon stock. Data were submitted to exploratory analysis and geostatistical study. It was found that the conversion of native forest for different soil uses through orchard, brachiaria, andropogon and native forest caused spatial variability in physical attributes, litter and soil carbon stock at depths 0-10 and 10-20 cm. The orchard subarea stood out as a promising system in the accumulation of organic carbon due to cattle manure.

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RFJ Spatial variability in fertigated coffee yields and plant nutrients in soil saturation extracts

International Journal for Innovation Education and Research ◽

10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1888 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 347-360

Author(s):

Ricardo Falqueto Jorge ◽

Cinara Xavier de Almeida ◽

George Deroco Martins ◽

Danilo Ferreira Mendes ◽

Juliano Marques Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Soil Chemistry ◽

Plant Nutrients ◽

Regular Grid ◽

Saturation Extract ◽

Coffee Yield ◽

Physical Attributes ◽

Variographic Analysis ◽

Grid Points ◽

Variability Model

The spatial distribution and levels of available plant nutrients (elements) in the soil can limit coffee yield and must be evaluated for effective crop management. Therefore, we analyzed spatial variability in yield and plant nutrients in the saturation extract of a clayey Oxisol cropped with fertigated coffee. The experiment was carried out on 14 hectares of coffee in Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Soil samples were collected (0 - 0.2m layer) at 61 regular grid points (spaced 50x50m) and used to determine plant nutrients in the saturation extract. Coffee yield was also determined at these points. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each variable and geostatistics were used to build a spatial variability model representing the physical attributes of the soil. Variographic analysis was performed using semivariograms. These showed that yield and soil chemistry varied throughout the study site. Thus, the maps generated from geostatistics can be useful tools for soil management in fertigated coffee crops.

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