scholarly journals La libertad de información frente a Internet // The freedom of information facing the internet

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (100) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
Daniel Capodiferro Cubero

Resumen:El objetivo de este trabajo es confrontar la caracterización constitucional y jurisprudencial de la libertad de información con la realidad de su ejercicio a través de Internet, donde no es posible aplicar directamente las soluciones que el Ordenamiento ha ido construyendo para la comunicación por medios analógicos, ya que ésta se basa en la intervención preponderante de los medios de comunicación como canalizadores de la información y moduladores de la opinión pública, otorgando una mínima capacidad de intervención al ciudadano,que esencialmente venía ocupando una posición pasiva. Las nuevas tecnologías de la información han acabado con el monopolio de estos medios, permitiendo a cualquier no profesional convertirse en sujeto activo y participativo de un proceso que ya no es unidireccional, sino que se articula a través de una Red donde todos los intervinientes son receptores y creadores de contenidos, lo cual plantea nuevos retos desde el punto de vista jurídico que son particularmente difíciles de abordar. La regulación de la comunicación, diseñada para un contextoconcreto, se enfrente ahora a una situación donde los mecanismos de control que permiten proteger los derechos de terceros frente a injerencias excesivas o el propio sistema democrático ya no resultan efectivos teniendo en cuenta que más que un proceso social, la comunicación en el entorno digital se plantea en clave individual. La premisa de la información de origen periodístico que se presentaba a través de un medio, que permitía considerar a las libertades comunicativas como una garantía institucional del sistema y les otorgaba una protección reforzada, ya no se cumple, de manera que es necesario cuestionarse si el alcance de la libertad de información de los individuos debe ser equiparable al de los profesionales o hasta qué punto estos pueden seguir gozando de un papel especial en la sociedad digital. En la Red, la vinculación con un medio ha dejado de ser un requisito previo para poder informar de manera efectiva. Basta con gozar de acceso a determinada tecnología para poder hacerlo, lo que lleva a tener que preguntarse en primer lugar hasta qué punto el poder público debe garantizar a los particulares tal posibilidad. En cuanto a la protección de la libertad de información en Internet, quizá convendría focalizar la atención en la formación del sujeto como periodista para identificar a quienes poseen un determinado conocimiento de la técnica y la deontología y, por tanto, están en condiciones de actuar de manera que su aportación no incurra en excesos y contribuya verdaderamente al debate público en términos constructivos. Del mismo modo, conceptos como la veracidad de la información, que además puede tener una nueva aplicación en relación a la publicidad, o la prohibición de censura deben repensarse para poder ser aplicados al entorno digital, pues en ningún caso parece conveniente prescindir de su vigencia. Summary:1. Introduction. 2. The decontextualization of the freedom of expression and information constitutional regulation in the digital environment. 3. Differences between the citizens’ freedom of information and the journalistic activity. 4. The particularities of exercising the freedom of information in the internet. 4.1 The previous constraints for the full exercise of the right. 4.2 The adaptation of the veracity criterion to the Internet reality. 4.3 The possible control of information contents. 5. The commercial communications as a manifestation of the freedom of information in the internet. 6. Conclusions. 7. Bibliography.Abstract:The aim of this paper is to compare the constitutional and jurisprudential characterization of the freedom of information with the reality of its exercise in the Internet, where the classic legal solutions cannot be implemented directly because they are designed for an analogical communication developed by media, which used to work as the only channels of information and modulators of public opinion, putting citizens in a passive position with a minimum capacity to act. The new information technologies have broken the media monopoly, allowing anyone to become an active and participatory subject of a process that is no longer unidirectional, but articulated through a network where all the participants are receivers and creators of content, which poses new legal challenges that are particularly difficult to address. The communication regulations, designed for a specific context, is now facing a reality where its mechanisms of control, intended to protect fundamental rights against excessive interferences and the democratic system itself, are no longer effective considering that now communication is an individual process more than a social one. The premise of the journalistic information presented through a media that substantiated the privileged position of communicative freedoms as institutional guarantees with a reinforced protection is no longer fulfilled, so key questions now are whether the scope of individual freedom of information should be comparable to the professionals’ oneor what role should play journalists in the digital society. Subjects no longer need mass media for effective reporting. They simply have to get access to a specific technology to do so, which opens a new debate: if the public powers should guarantee the access to it and how. With regard to the protection of freedom of information in the Internet, it may be useful to focus attention on the training of the subject as a journalist to identify who possess certain knowledge of the technique and deontology and, therefore, is able to act in a responsible manner contributing to public debate in constructive terms. Likewise, concepts such as the veracity of information, which may also have a new application in relation to advertising, or the prohibition of prior censorship must be reconsidered to their implementation in the digital environment, since it does not seem appropriate to renounce them in digital communications.

Author(s):  
Samreth Mammoun

In today's globalized society, it is impossible for any country to be isolated and remain disconnected from the information chain. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the growth of information technology and related laws in Cambodia. Additionally, this chapter gives readers an overview of laws related to information technology, explores how information technologies are transforming Cambodian society, and how the Cambodia government interacts with these technologies. This chapter recommends two main actions that Cambodia can implement to enhance freedom of information: honor the guarantee of freedom of expression by ensuring that Internet filters are not introduced and censorship of critical Websites is not allowed and create a clear legal framework that protects and promotes freedom of expression on the Internet. Limitations on Internet content should only be introduced in accordance with international human rights standards.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
I. S. Fliter

The expression of opinions on the Internet has a number of features in comparison with traditional means of information dissemination. Firstly, imposition of classical measures of legal liability can be difficult due to the peculiarities of cyber space: anonymity and erasure of jurisdictional boundaries. In this regard, a new mechanism of restrictions has appeared, which consists in the withdrawal of information that violates the law or the rights of other citizens from the Internet at the direction of state bodies. The trends in this area are the predominance of the administrative procedure for making decisions on the withdrawal of information from public access, and the use of vague and evaluative terms as grounds for restrictions. Secondly, in most cases, in the process of realizing freedom of speech, intermediaries are involved — companies that provide a public forum for millions of users. The activities of these companies are also associated with new mechanisms for restricting freedom of speech: from blocking content to deleting users’ accounts. Such companies have a dual responsibility: to monitor the placement of content in order to prevent abuse of freedom of speech and to prevent violations of freedom of expression with their own corporate rules. The purpose of this article is to identify, through the method of analytical jurisprudence, the problems that arise when restricting freedom of speech, implemented in the digital environment, and to establish the reasons for their occurrence. To do this, the author has carried out a review of Russian legislation and the practice of its application, as well as the practice of restrictions, applied by corporations, and an analysis of foreign literature.


Author(s):  
Samreth Mammoun

In today's globalized society, it is impossible for any country to be isolated and remain disconnected from the information chain. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the growth of information technology and related laws in Cambodia. Additionally, this chapter gives readers an overview of laws related to information technology, explores how information technologies are transforming Cambodian society, and how the Cambodia government interacts with these technologies. This chapter recommends two main actions that Cambodia can implement to enhance freedom of information: honor the guarantee of freedom of expression by ensuring that Internet filters are not introduced and censorship of critical Websites is not allowed and create a clear legal framework that protects and promotes freedom of expression on the Internet. Limitations on Internet content should only be introduced in accordance with international human rights standards.


KPGT_dlutz_1 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Gina Marcilio Pompeu ◽  
Rosa Julia Plá Coelho

Resumo: Este artigo versa sobre os aspectos mais relevantes da regulação do direito fundamental de expressão e de informação e de sua colisão com outros direitos, no plano jurídico internacional e brasileiro. O estudo compila julgados dos Tribunais Internacionais e outros órgãos responsáveis pelo monitoramento de tratados de Direitos Humanos, com o escopo de apontar formas de solução para os conflitos de bens hoje existentes. Igualmente, discute a previsão e o tratamento dado à tais direitos no ordenamento constitucional brasileiro. Finalmente, analisa um hard case julgado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal - caso Siegfried Ellwanger -, no qual a colisão entre os direitos protegidos se evidenciou, apontando a solução para o choque entre o direito de livre expressão e a dignidade humana. Palavras-chaves: Colisão de direitos fundamentais. Direitos humanos. Liberdade de expressão. Liberdade de informação. Igualdade. Dignidade humana. Abstract: This article deals with the most relevant aspects of the fundamental right of speech and of information and its collision with other rights, in the international and Brazilian juridical spheres. The study carried out in its context compiles rulings of the international tribunals and other bodies responsible for the monitoring of human rights treaties, with the purpose of pointing out ways of solving the conflicts of goods that exist today. It also discusses the prediction and treatment of such rights in the Brazilian constitutional order. Finally, it analyzes a hard case judged by the Supreme Federal Court (STF) (Siegfried Ellwanger’s case), in which the collision between the rights protected was evident, pointing out the solution to the clash between the right of free expression and human dignity. Keywords: Collision between fundamental rights. Equality. Freedom of expression. Freedom of information. Human dignity. Human Rights.


ANCIENT LAND ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
Asmar Azer Aliyeva ◽  

Fake news and propaganda are an issue that the whole world is struggling to prevent. In particular, it is very arduous for the states to manage fake news disseminate on the Internet that harms the interests of the states. In particular, it is very tough for states to adjust fake news that harms the authority of the state, because the information shared via the Internet is not abstracted from the Data Base. The purpose of this article is to analyze the utility of the right to be forgotten as a method, which is a novel concept in the realm of human rights. Key words: right to be forgotten, fake news, propaganda, freedom of expression, freedom of information


2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Vezzani

icann’s decision to liberalize the market for Internet Generic Top-Level Domain Names has been giving rise to many concerns, related in particular to the registration of health-related strings, which may favour fraud and the dissemination of misleading health information. However, a very sophisticated mechanism has been put into place by icann, intended to prevent the registration of strings which face opposition from a significant portion of the community they purportedly aim to serve, or which are contrary to generally accepted principles related to morality and public order. Tailored after the model of commercial arbitration, icann rules of procedure are noteworthy in that they give standing to all interested Internet users and to an Independent Objector. Though underlining some of its procedural deficiencies, this article emphasizes the importance of the icann mechanism in the “constitutionalization” of the Internet. It also discusses the contribution of icann expert panels to international human rights discourse, as illustrated by the expert panel determinations walking the tightrope between freedom of expression and the right to health.


Author(s):  
Richard Clements

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions; diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic and suggestions on further reading. This chapter moves on from the previous one to examine the freedom of expression. Under common law, freedom of speech is guaranteed unless the speaker breaks the law, but this is now reinforced by the right of free expression under the European Convention on Human Rights. The questions here deal with issues such as obscenity law and contempt of court; the Official Secrets Act; freedom of information; breach of confidence and whether there is a right of privacy in English law.


Author(s):  
Dominic McGoldrick

This chapter discusses the sources, scope, and limitations of the four fundamental freedoms: thought, expression, association, and assembly. Freedom of thought includes freedom of conscience, religion, and belief. Freedom of expression includes freedom of opinion and freedom of information. Freedom of association concerns the right to establish autonomous organizations through which individuals pursue common interests together. The right of assembly protects non-violent, organized, temporary gatherings in public and private, both indoors and outdoors.


2019 ◽  
pp. 274-304
Author(s):  
Andrew Murray

This chapter examines copyright issues from copying and distributing information from the internet. It considers the discussion focuses on how the internet has challenged the application and development of copyright law, considering web-copyright concerns such as linking, caching, and aggregating, citing Google Inc. v Copiepresse SCRL. It spends considerable time discussing the operation of the temporary eproduction right though key cases Infopaq International, and Public Relations Consultants Association v Newspaper Licensing Agency. The analysis then moves on to examine the communication to the public right created by the Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society Directive, examining the application of the right through key cases such as Nils Svensson v Retriever Sverige, GS Media v Sanoma Media, and Stichting Brein v Ziggo BV.


Author(s):  
Alessandro Morelli ◽  
Oreste Pollicino

Abstract How do legal imagination, metaphors, and the “judicial frame” impact the degree of protection for free expression when the relevant (technological) playground is the world of bits? This Article analyzes the so-called judicial frame, focusing on legal disputes relating to freedom of expression on the Internet. The authors compare the European Court of Human Rights and the U.S. Supreme Court case law from a methodological perspective. The Article shows how the adoption by supreme courts of an internal or external point of view in relation to the Internet affects not only the use of different metaphors to describe the digital world, but also the balance struck between the fundamental rights at stake.


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