Physical Behavior of Crude Oil During Transportation and Its Impact on the Carriage of Crude Oil by Sea

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (04) ◽  
pp. 256-265
Author(s):  
T. J. Gunner
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complex Liquid ◽  
Insight Into

The content, purpose and findings of a research program undertaken between 1996 and 1999 into the behavior of crude oil during transport is reviewed. Crude oil, being the most complex liquid carried by sea, required investigation due to its behavioral characteristics that impact the efficiency of its transportation, handling and general tanker operations. The research program broke the subject matter down to the three phases of crude oil each of which, either on its own or in conjunction with other phases, creates problems onboard tankers. Clearly the three physical phases are those of the vapor, liquid and sludge phases. The program collected both data of diverse type/description from the numerous vessels participating in the program together with cargo samples of the various types of crude oil carried for each voyage. The samples were obtained at discrete points throughout the voyage and discharge of the diverse cargoes and were subsequently analyzed for their physico-chemical properties. With the analytical information of the various cargoes and the cargo and environmental reports from the vessels, researchers can gain an overview as to the diverse types of behavior occurring to the cargoes during their transportation. Subsequent empirical modeling of a proportion of the data has allowed equations to be created that would assist a vessel's command to gain an insight into cargo behavior that would assist in decision making for operational matters. This paper provides the initial information and models developed as a result of this extensive piece of data collection and work

scholarly journals Soil physico-chemical characterization in the different soil layers of National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-44
Author(s):  
Dinesh Khadka ◽  
Sushil Lamichhane ◽  
Amit P Timilsina ◽  
Bandhu R Baral ◽  
Kamal Sah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical

Soil pit digging and their precise study is a decision making tool to assess history and future of soil management of a particular area. Thus, the present study was carried out to differentiate soil physico-chemical properties in the different layers of excavated pit of the National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Eight pits were dug randomly from three blocks at a depth of 0 to 100 cm. The soil parameters were determined in-situ, and in laboratory for texture, pH, OM, N, P (as P2O5), K (as K2O), Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn of collected soils samples of different layers following standard analytical methods at Soil Science Division, Khumaltar. The result revealed that soil structure was sub-angular in majority of the layers, whereas bottom layer was single grained. The value and chrome of colour was increasing in order from surface to bottom in the majority pits. Similarly, the texture was sandy loam in majority layers of the pits. Moreover, four types of consistence (loose to firm) were observed. Furthermore, mottles and gravels were absent in the majority layers. Likewise, soil was very to moderately acidic in observed layers of majority pits, except bottom layer of agronomy block was slightly acidic. Regarding fertility parameters (OM, macro and micronutrients), some were increasing and vice-versa, while others were intermittent also. Therefore, a single layer is not dominant for particular soil physico-chemical parameters in the farm. In overall, surface layer is more fertile than rest of the layers in all the pits.     

Crystal structure of a major seed storage protein, 11S proglobulin, from Amaranthus hypochondriacus: Insight into its physico-chemical properties

2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 819-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Rose Tandang-Silvas ◽  
Cerrone S. Cabanos ◽  
Laura Denisse Carrazco Peña ◽  
Ana Paulina Barba De La Rosa ◽  
Juan Alberto Osuna-Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Storage Protein ◽  
Seed Storage Protein ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Amaranthus Hypochondriacus ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Mycoflora of Crude Oil Polluted Soils of Ukwa West of Abia State Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
J. M. Madu ◽  
A. I. Ogbonna ◽  
C. I. C. Ogbonna
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Starch Agar

Aim: Bioremediation of soil play a critical role in removing pollutants from crude oil polluted soil. To investigate the mycoflora of crude oil polluted area of Ukwa West Local Government in the present Abia State. Methodology: Portions of the soil samples collected from three (3) locations were plated out separately on Yeast Starch Agar, Starch Agar, and Cellulose Agar using soil plate methods. The culture plates were examined after 5-7 and 14 days for the presence of fungi. Pure cultures of the isolates were obtained by subculturing and the physico-chemical properties of the soil samples were determined using standard methods. Results: Twenty species (20) of fungi were isolated from the crude oil polluted soil sample and represented by their respective genera. Eight (8) species of Aspergillus representing 40%, two (2) species of Thermomyces representing 10% each, and one (1) species of Penicillium, Cladosporium, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Trichoderma, Scopulariopsis, Sporotrichum and Basipetospora representing 5% each. Aspergillus species were predominant which include among others A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, A. terreus. The physico-chemical properties of the soil sample were found to be varied and have affected the distribution and population of fungi. The pH values ranged from 4.81- 5.58 as compared to the control ranging from 5.72- 6.50 for soil samples A, B and C. The moisture content values ranged between 26.46-29.59% as compared to the control ranging from 29.41-32.51%. The soil was found to be high in organic matter content with values of 70.3-82.7% as compared to the control which was 94% for each of the locations. Conclusion: Crude oil polluted soils of Ukwa West of Abia State, Nigeria is rich in fungal biodiversity with the soil’s samples having different physico-chemical properties.

Nanoparticles

2014 ◽  
pp. 1071-1089
Author(s):  
Bakhtiyor Rasulev ◽  
Danuta Leszczynska ◽  
Jerzy Leszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Quantum Chemical ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Quantum Chemical Methods ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Structure Of Nanomaterials ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complicated Task

Nanomaterials are becoming an important component of the modern life and have been the subject of increasing number of investigations involving various areas of natural sciences and technology. However, theoretical modeling of physicochemical and biological activity of these species is still very scarce. The prediction of the properties and activities of ‘classical’ substances via correlating with molecular descriptors is a well known procedure, i.e. QSAR. In spite of this, the application of QSAR for the nanomaterials is a very complicated task, because of “non-classical” structure of nanomaterials. Here, the authors show that an application of the QSAR methods for nanomaterials is nevertheless possible and can be useful in predicting their various properties and activities (toxicity). In the chapter briefly explained how the physico-chemical properties can be predicted for nanomaterials. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated how the biological activity, particularly toxicity, can be modeled and predicted for the series of nanoparticles, by applying the quantum-chemical methods in combination with the nano-QSAR.

scholarly journals Studies in insulin. I.—Kataphoresis of insulin alone and in presence of glucose with some reference to the question of an insulin-glucose reaction in vitro

1932 ◽  
Vol 112 (774) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Behaviour ◽  
The Subject

Insulin has been the subject of innumerable investigations on account of its physiological importance in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. Few of the researches on this hormone, however, have dealt with aspects other than purely physiological ones. The physico-chemical behaviour of insulin appears to the authors to merit attention on the grounds that such characteristics may play a part in its control of the blood-sugar level in the animal organism. The present series of papers is the outcome of an attempt to determine the character of the surface charge and of other physico-chemical properties of insulin protein and to correlate the results thus obtained with its physiological activity. It was considered also that the titration of insulin against acids and alkalies would throw some light on the possible association of basic and acid groups with the centres responsible for its remarkable activity. This latter theme is the subject of a separate communication.

scholarly journals PCDD/F removal at low temperatures over Vanadium-based catalyst: insight into the superiority of mechanochemical method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghui Tang ◽  
Qiulin Ye ◽  
Cuicui Du ◽  
Yaqi Peng ◽  
Chengetai Portia Makwarimba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Catalytic Degradation ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Mechanochemical Method ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Stable Source ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The high toxicity and low volatility of PCDD/Fs prevent detailed study of their catalytic degradation removal characteristics. In this study, firstly, 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCBz) was initially used as a model to investigate the catalytic characteristics of various vanadium-based catalysts prepared by different methods. Then, the optimized catalyst was used for catalytic degradation of real PCDD/Fs at low-temperatures based on a self-made stable source. The VOx/TiO2 catalysts synthesized by the mechanochemical method (VTi-MC2) had a higher 1,2-DCBz removal efficiency (> 85%) and stability (> 420 min) at low temperatures (< 200 oC) compared to VTi-SG (sol-gol method) and VTi-WI (wetness impregnation method). The physico-chemical properties of catalysts were studied using comprehensive characterization. It was found that the VTi-MC2 has better VOx species distribution and possesses the highest V5+ species and surface adsorbed oxygen content, which are the key factors contributed to the higher removal efficiency. Accordingly, the mechanochemical method can be used to control the physico-chemical properties of catalyst by adjusting the milling parameters. The optimum ball-milling time is 2 h and the suitable precursor is NH4VO3 for VOx/TiO2. Moreover, the removal efficiency of gas phase PCDD/Fs catalyzed by VTi-MC2 is 97% within a temperature range below 200 ℃, and the catalytic degradation of PCDD/Fs surges to 50%, which is higher than those reported research. In general, the mechanochemical strategy reported provides a means for seeking more efficient catalysts used for low-temperature degradation of various trace organic pollutants.

scholarly journals Biostimulation Potentials of Cow Dung on a Crude Oil Polluted Soil

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Okunwaye, Iris ◽  
Ogboghodo, Ikponmwosa ◽  
Ewansiha, Sylvester ◽  
Oriakpono, Obemeata
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

This field study was conducted to investigate the biostimulation effect of the application of cow dung to crude oil polluted soils. Four rates of crude oil (0, 100, 200 and 300 mL) and four rates of cow dung (0, 20, 40 and 60 g) were used respectively. It comprised of sixteen (16) treatment combinations replicated thrice, for a total of forty eight (48) plots with each plot measuring 1m x 1m. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design. Bacteria, fungi and Physico-chemical properties of the soils were determined before pollution, two weeks after pollution and at the end of the experiment. The results for the physicochemical properties of soil indicate an increase in pH, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N), total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (N) while Phosphorus (P) decreased as the level of crude oil increased despite remediation with cow dung. There was an increase in the bacterial count for both the control and the treatment groups. The result range from 1.3 X104 to 77.2 X104. The genus of bacteria identified were Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Proteus, Clostridium and Nocardia species. Four isolates were gram-positive while 2 were gram negative. Five were rod-shaped while one was coccus in form, while the fungal isolates are Cladosporium, Pichia, Aspergillus, Fusarium species. Soil analysis during the experiment revealed a general negative correlation coefficient implying enhanced remediation during the trial periods.

scholarly journals Insight into the Self-Assembling Properties of a Peptergent: A Molecular Dynamics Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Crowet ◽  
Mehmet Nail Nasir ◽  
Antoine Deschamps ◽  
Vincent Stroobant ◽  
Pierre Morsomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Beta Sheets ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Beta Barrel ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Ordered Nanostructures ◽  
Insight Into

By manipulating the various physico-chemical properties of amino acids, design of peptides with specific self-assembling properties has been emerging since more than a decade. In this context, short peptides possessing detergent properties (so-called &ldquo;peptergents&rdquo;) have been developed to self-assemble into well-ordered nanostructures that can stabilize membrane proteins for crystallization. In this study, the peptide with &ldquo;peptergency&rdquo; properties, called ADA8 extensively described by Zhang et al., is studied by molecular dynamics for its self-assembling properties in different conditions. In water, it spontaneously forms beta sheets with a &beta; barrel-like structure. We next simulated the interaction of this peptide with a membrane protein, the bacteriorhodopsin, in the presence or absence of a micelle of dodecylphosphocholine. According to the literature, the peptergent ADA8 is thought to generate a belt of &beta; structures around the hydrophobic helical domain that could help stabilize purified membrane proteins. Molecular dynamics is here used to challenge this view and to provide further molecular details for the replacement of detergent molecules around the protein. To our best knowledge, this is the first molecular mechanism proposed for ''peptergency''. In addition, our calculation approach should serve as a predicting tool for the design of beta peptergent with diverse amphipathic properties.

scholarly journals Two-Component Model for Crude Oil Evaporation and its Application to Weathering Prediction

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
Ryo Tasaki ◽  
Akihiro Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Flume Tests ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The One ◽  
Basic Prediction

ABSTRACT The model approximates a crude oil as a mixture of an evaporating and non-evaporating component of which the physico-chemical properties are calculated by their composing fractions. The ordinary differential equation with separated variables derived from the model yields a concept of the evaporation time constant TQ that is defined by the initial oil properties and thickness, and the ambient temperature and wind speed. The evaporation ratios Q measured in flume tests on six types of Middle East crude oils are analyzed for the elapsed time non-dimensionalized by TQ. The measured values collapse well to a single straight line Q-log(t/TQ) for each type of oil, independently of emulsification and wave disturbance. A single line common to all the six types of oils is enough for rough estimation. A method using the common line or, more accurately, a line derived from the distillation test of each type of oil is proposed for evaporation prediction. Further analyses of the test results reveal the one-to-one correspondence between evaporation and properties (viscosity and density) of evaporated residual water-free oil. Formulae using the correspondence are suggested for estimating the properties of residual oil. The influences of substrates and thickness of an oil slick on evaporation and oil properties were examined in a small-scale laboratory. The laboratory tests are discussed as a useful procedure for obtaining basic prediction data.

Viscosity Model of Waxy Crude Oil Based on the Physico-Chemical Properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petrus Tri Bhaskoro ◽  
Azuraien Japper@Jaafar ◽  
Mior Zaiga Sariman ◽  
Rohaizad Norpiah ◽  
Siti Rohaida Binti Shafian
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Viscosity Model ◽  
Waxy Crude Oil ◽  
Waxy Crude ◽  
Physico Chemical
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