scholarly journals The meaning of respect under varying context conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 536-552
Author(s):  
Christoph Daniel Schaefer ◽  
Steffen Zitzmann ◽  
Lukas Loreth ◽  
Julian Paffrath ◽  
Hilmar Grabow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Majority Groups ◽  
Legal Force

The concept of respect figures prominently in several theories on intergroup relations. Previous studies suggested that the experience of being respected is primarily related to the feeling of being recognized as an equal, as opposed to social recognition of needs or achievements. Those studies focused, however, on either minority groups or ad hoc groups, thereby possibly giving equality recognition an advantage. This article extends previous findings by comparing societal groups situated in various contexts. We examined eight groups from four countries. We anticipated and found that the link between respect and equality recognition was stronger for groups that are in the position of minorities compared to groups associated with majorities. Owing to the moral and legal force of the norm of equality, disadvantaged minorities in particular might be able to improve their societal position by founding their claims on the equality principle. Need recognition, in contrast, was less influential for minority groups than for majority groups. While we observed these context-dependent variations, an internal meta-analysis showed that feeling recognized as an equal was, overall, the strongest indicator for feeling respected. This suggests that demands for respect could often be addressed by establishing relationships in society that are based on mutual recognition as equals, while the implications of achievement and need recognition should additionally be considered in specific contexts.

scholarly journals Restoration Enhances Wetland Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Supply, but Results Are Context-Dependent: A Meta-Analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e93507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Meli ◽  
José María Rey Benayas ◽  
Patricia Balvanera ◽  
Miguel Martínez Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Wetland Biodiversity ◽  
Context Dependent

Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 1: The effects of intergroup relations as mediated by social change and frame of reference

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Alexander Haslam ◽  
John C. Turner ◽  
Penelope J. Oakes ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Brett K. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Context Dependent

scholarly journals The effect of prominence and cue association on retrieval processes: A computational account

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Engelmann ◽  
Lena A. Jäger ◽  
Shravan Vasishth
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Retrieval Interference ◽  
Partial Success

We present a comprehensive empirical evaluation of the ACT-R-based model of sentence processing developed by Lewis & Vasishth (2005) (LV05). The predictions of the model are compared with the results of a recent meta-analysis of published reading studies on retrieval interference in reflexive-/reciprocal-antecedent and subject-verb dependencies (Jäger, Engelmann, & Vasishth, 2017). The comparison shows that the model has only partial success in explaining the data; and we propose that its prediction space is restricted by oversimplifying assumptions. We then implement a revised model that takes into account differences between individual experimental designs in terms of the prominence of the target and the distractor in memory and context-dependent cue-feature associations. The predictions of the original and the revised model are quantitatively compared with the results of the meta-analysis. Our simulations show that, compared to the original LV05 model, the revised model accounts for the data better. The results suggest that effects of prominence and variable cue-feature associations need to be considered in the interpretation of existing empirical results and in the design and planning of future experiments. With regard to retrieval interference in sentence processing and to the broader field of psycholinguistic studies, we conclude that well-specified models in tandem with high-powered experiments are needed in order to uncover the underlying cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Uneven Humanitarianism: Abandoned Refugees along the Thai-Myanmar Border

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Tani Sebro
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Humanitarian Organizations ◽  
British Colonial

This essay considers the case of uneven humanitarian aid distribution along the Thai-Myanmar border, where forcibly displaced migrants from Myanmar have been abandoned by the UNHCR and international humanitarian organizations. Based upon long-term ethnographic fieldwork along the Thai-Myanmar border amongst Tai migrants from the Shan State in Myanmar, I attend to the effects of the inequitable distribution of rights and privileges in an international humanitarian system that is predicated on the neoliberal logic of uneven development. After two centuries of British colonial occupation and later Burman authoritarian rule, the ethnic minority groups along the Thai-Myanmar border are now facing another crisis – that of abandonment as NGOs search for new and more pressing humanitarian disasters elsewhere. The essay addresses a concept I call uneven humanitarianism as a neocolonial condition for peoples living in the Thai-Myanmar borderlands by specifically focusing on Tai peoples who are living in unofficial refugee camps that lost foreign funding in 2017. I argue that the ad hoc treatment and eventual abandonment of these vulnerable groups – that are currently in the midst of the world’s most protracted civil war and displacement situation – constitutes a failure of the “responsibility to protect” humanitarian project.

scholarly journals Measuring context-dependent memory in rodents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of important variables in the object-in-context task.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milou Sep ◽  
Marijn Vellinga ◽  
R. Angela Sarabdjitsingh ◽  
Marian Joëls
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Learning Trials

Environmental information plays an important role in remembering events. Information about stable aspects of the environment (here referred to as ‘context’) and the event are combined by the hippocampal system and stored as context-dependent memory. In rodents (such as rats and mice), context-dependent memory is often investigated with the object-in-context task. However, the implementation and interpretation of this task varies considerably across studies. This variation hampers the comparison between studies and - for those who design a new experiment or carry out pilot experiments – the estimation of whether observed behavior is within the expected range. Also, it is currently unclear which of the variables critically influence the outcome of the task. To address these issues, we carried out a preregistered systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42020191340) and provide an up-to-date overview of the animal-, task-, and protocol-related variations in the object-in-context task for rodents. Using a data-driven explorative meta-analysis we next identified critical factors influencing the outcome of this task, such as sex, testbox size and the delay between the learning trials. Based on these observations we provide recommendations to create more consensus in the set-up, procedure and interpretation of the object-in-context task for rodents. This could contribute to a more robust and evidence-based design in future animal experiments.

“I Prefer Panthers to Pigs”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean L. Malloy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Black Panther Party ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
National Organization ◽  
Foreign Governments

This chapter looks at how the Black Power pioneers of the early 1960s discovered that relations between minority groups in the United States and the foreign governments or international organizations to which they appealed were seldom conducted on equal terms. While the mushrooming growth of the Black Panther Party (BPP) as a national organization in 1968 gave the party more leverage than Malcolm X or Williams had enjoyed as individuals, the Panthers still interacted with their potential state-level partners as supplicants rather than as equals. The ad hoc, person-to-person diplomacy that formed the foundation of these relationships often revealed ideological schisms both within the party and between the BPP and its potential allies.

United We Stand

2020 ◽  
pp. 174-208
Author(s):  
Dominic D. P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Rwandan Genocide ◽  
Balkan Wars

This chapter examines the strategic advantages of the in-group/out-group bias. It discusses people that have a powerful tendency to favor their own in-group and its members, while disparaging out-groups and their members. It also clarifies the strength and prevalence of the in-group/out-group bias that forms a bedrock foundation in social psychology and is critical to social identity and intergroup relations. The chapter investigates how group prejudices can have appalling human consequences in the bias's contribution to the oppression of minority groups, ethnic conflict, and genocide. It highlights the implication of the role of the in-group/out-group bias in fanning the flames of the Balkan wars, the Rwandan genocide, and the Israeli Palestinian conflict.

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