"You have to vape to make it through": E-cigarette Outcome Expectancies among Youth and Parents

Objectives: Outcome expectancies are central to explaining health behavior and have been shown to predict tobacco use. Research on outcome expectancies for e-cigarette use among youth is scarce but increasingly important given the growing rates of use, particularly of high-nicotine pod devices and the recent outbreak of e-cigarette related lung disease. Methods: In 2019, we conducted 3 focus groups with middle school youth (N=25), 5 with high school youth (N=38), and 4 with parents (N=27). Youth and parents were not related and groups included both users and non-users. Participants discussed reasons for e-cigarette use and bad and good things that might happen to a person who vapes. Results: Participants described positive and negative psychoactive/sensory, social, and health-related outcome expectancies. Both youth and parents mentioned stress relief and appearing older as positive outcome expectancies, and e-cigarette flavors, acting rebellious, and structural opportunities as other reasons for initiating e-cigarette use. Social consequences and health outcomes were negative outcome expectancies deterring use. Conclusions: Regulations and public communication campaigns can counteract the positive outcome expectancies (flavor regulation, providing stress reduction tips) and capitalize on negative ones (communicating negative health outcomes) to decrease youth e-cigarette use.

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The moderating role of anxiety sensitivity in terms of fatigue severity and e-cigarette use expectancies

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/1359105320926534 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 135910532092653

Author(s):

Kara Manning ◽

Lorra Garey ◽

Andres G Viana ◽

Tanya Smit ◽

Michael J Zvolensky

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Anxiety Sensitivity ◽

Positive Outcome ◽

Outcome Expectancies ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Fatigue Severity ◽

Positive Expectancies ◽

Moderating Role

Little is understood about individual difference factors related to e-cigarette expectancies about use. This study examined the interactive effects of fatigue severity and anxiety sensitivity in relation to e-cigarette expectancies among 525 e-cigarette users (51.0% female, Mage = 35.25 years, standard deviation = 10.10). Results indicated a significant interaction between fatigue severity and anxiety sensitivity in terms of positive expectancies ( β = 0.57, p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval = (0.002, 0.01)), but not for negative expectancies ( β = 0.25, p = 0.08, 95% confidence interval = (0, 0.005)) for e-cigarette use. These results support anxiety sensitivity as a moderator in the relation between fatigue severity and positive outcome expectancies for e-cigarette use.

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User identified positive outcome expectancies of electronic cigarette use: A concept mapping study.

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors ◽

10.1037/adb0000263 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 343-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Eric K. Soule ◽

Sarah F. Maloney ◽

Mignonne C. Guy ◽

Thomas Eissenberg ◽

Pebbles Fagan

Keyword(s):

Concept Mapping ◽

Positive Outcome ◽

Outcome Expectancies ◽

Electronic Cigarette ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Mapping Study

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Stress Hormones: How Do They Measure Up?

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800402238334 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 92-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Shirley L. King ◽

Kathy M. Hegadoren

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Stress Reduction ◽

Symptom Severity ◽

Stress Hormones ◽

Stress Disorders ◽

Biological Mechanisms ◽

Response Systems ◽

Negative Health Outcomes ◽

Adequate Data

Stress as a stimulus is integral to dynamic homeostatic functioning. However, evidence of its potentially deleterious effects on health is mounting. The impetus to understand the mechanisms that underlie stress-related negative health outcomes and prevent the development of stress-related disorders has never been greater. Symptom severity and subjective levels of stress, although frequently assessed in studies of stress in nursing research, may not provide adequate data to fully understand the pervasive effects of chronic or overwhelming stress associated with stress disorders. The measurement of stress hormones such as cortisol can help identify bodily changes that are stressor specific, people at risk for development of stress-related disorders, and the efficacy of interventions aimed at stress reduction. Cortisol, as the peripheral output of one of the major stress response systems, possesses several properties that make its measurement highly useful for investigations of stress. This article discusses some of the biological mechanisms involved in the stress response, why cortisol is commonly measured, and issues and approaches in cortisol measurement.

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Preventing Health Damaging Behaviors and Negative Health Outcomes in Army and Marine Corps Personnel During the First Tour of Duty

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e448292006-001 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Cherrie Boyer ◽

◽

Mary-Ann Shafer

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Marine Corps ◽

Negative Health Outcomes

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Prevention Program Curbs Drug Abuse Among Middle-School Youth

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e493042006-003 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Middle School ◽

Drug Abuse ◽

Prevention Program ◽

Middle School Youth ◽

School Youth

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A Frailty Screening Questionnaire (FSQ) to Rapidly Predict Negative Health Outcomes of Older Adults in Emergency Care Settings

The journal of nutrition health & aging ◽

10.1007/s12603-020-1374-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 627-633

Author(s):

H. Liu ◽

N. Shang ◽

J. K. Chhetri ◽

L. Liu ◽

W. Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Emergency Care ◽

Screening Questionnaire ◽

Negative Health Outcomes

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Being a Patient Representative Is More Work Than Being a Patient Advocate—Done Right, It Is Also Likely to Be More Effective

Current Oncology ◽

10.3390/curroncol28020099 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 1017-1019

Author(s):

Richard Wassersug

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Background Knowledge ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Patient Advocate ◽

Different Types ◽

Health Related ◽

Patient Representative

For a patient to be effective as a “patient representative” within a health-related organization, work and more than just accepting an honorific title is required. I argue that for a patient to be most effective as a patient representative requires different types of background knowledge and commitment than being a “patient advocate”. Patients need to be cautious about how, when, and where they take on an official role of either an “advocate” or “representative”, if they truly want to be a positive influence on health outcomes.

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Determinants and Suitability of Carotenoid Reflection Score as a Measure of Carotenoid Status

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 113 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elaine Rush ◽

Isaac Amoah ◽

Tung Diep ◽

Shabnam Jalili-Moghaddam

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Carotenoid Concentration ◽

Dairy Foods ◽

Green Leafy Vegetables ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Dark Green ◽

Negative Health Outcomes

Carotenoids, orange-coloured pigments found in vegetables, fruit, eggs and dairy foods, act as antioxidants and vitamin A precursors in the human body. Skin carotenoid concentration is a biomarker of vegetable and fruit intake. The aim was to identify determinants of skin carotenoid concentration by measuring “Veggie Meter™” carotenoid reflection spectroscopy scores (CRS) from the fingertip of adults with a range of ages, ethnicity and body size. Frequencies of daily intake of vegetables and fruit and weekly intake of pumpkin and carrot, dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV), eggs (yolk), and dairy were determined from a self-completed food-frequency-questionnaire. A total of 571 (324 Women, 247 Men) adults, aged 16 to 85 years, completed measurements. The CRS ranged from 83 to 769, with a median of 327. Women and men did not score differently. For all participants there were negative correlations of CRS with weight (r = −0.312) and BMI (r = −0.338) and positive correlations with weekly intakes of DGLV (r = 0.242) and carrots and pumpkin (r = 0.202). Based on a review of health outcomes associated with plasma carotenoids, 82% of the participants in the current study are at moderate risk, or more, of negative health outcomes. Determinants of carotenoid status were body size, intake of DGLV, carrots and pumpkin, and ethnicity.

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Intrapersonal, Behavioral and Environmental Factors Associated With Meeting Recommended Physical Activity Among Rural Latino Youth

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.23.4.521 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 521-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Cynthia K. Perry ◽

Brian E. Saelens ◽

Beti Thompson

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

Latino Youth ◽

Activity Level ◽

After School ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Middle School Youth ◽

Recommended Physical Activity ◽

School Youth

This study aimed to identify intrapersonal, behavioral, and environmental factors associated with engaging in recommended levels of physical activity among rural Latino middle school youth. Data were from an anonymous survey of 773 Latino youth (51% female) about level of and barriers and motivators to physical activity, risk behaviors, and park use. Logistic regression models identified factors correlated with meeting recommended levels of physical activity (5 days or more 360 min/day). Thirty-four percent of girls and 41% of boys reported meeting this physical activity recommendation. Participation in an organized after school activity (p < .001) and in physical education (PE) classes 5 days a week (p < .001) were strongly associated with meeting recommended physical activity level. Making PE available 5 days a week and creating opportunities for organized after school physical activity programs may increase the number of rural Latino middle school youth who meet recommended physical activity level.

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