scholarly journals La decisión de Elcano.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Zulaika
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
North Indian Ocean ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
South Sea

La decisión de regresar de las Molucas hacia occidente fue lo que convirtió la expedición a la Especiería en la que dio la primera vuelta al mundo. Volver por el cabo de Buena Esperanza contravenía las órdenes recibidas por los expedicionarios porque invadía el territorio portugués que establecía el tratado de Tordesillas. Tres fueron las principales motivaciones: a) partir cuanto antes hacia Sevilla para informar que habían descubierto un paso al mar del Sur y que era posible llegar a las Molucas por territorio castellano; b) evitar ser apresados por los portugueses, y c) el monzón que soplaba en ese momento del NE, dificultándoles el regreso por América y por el Indico norte. El regreso por el oeste se acordó por todos expedicionarios pero la decisión de Elcano fue determinante para volver por esta ruta, arrostrar las penalidades que sufrieron y dar la vuelta al mundo. The decision to return from the Moluccas to the west was what turned the expedition to the Spice into the first trip around the world. Returning through the Cape of Good Hope contravened the orders received by the expedition members because they invaded the Portuguese territory established by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The main motivations were three: a) to leave as soon as possible to Seville to report that they had discovered a passage to the South Sea and that it was possible to reach the Moluccas through Castilian territory; b) avoid being captured by the Portuguese, and c) the monsoon that was blowing at that time from the NE, making it difficult for them to return through America and the North Indian Ocean. The return to the west was agreed by all expedition members but Elcano's decision was decisive to return along this route, face the hardships they suffered and go around the world.

Art. VII.—Notes on Persian Belúchistán. From the Persian of Mirza Mehdy Khán. Published Teheran, July, 1875

1876 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
A. H. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Cool Climate

The part of Belúchistán now under Persian rule is bounded upon the north by Seistán, upon the east by Panjgúr and Kej, upon the south by the Indian Ocean, and upon the west by Núrámshír, Rúdbár, and the Báshákerd mountains.This country enjoys a variety of climates; almost unbearable heat exists on the Mekrán coast, we find a temperate climate on the hill slopes and on the slightly raised plains as at Duzek and Bampúr, and a cool climate in the mountainous districts Serhad and Bazmán. The heat at Jálq is said to be so intense in summer that the gazelles lie down exhausted in the plains, and let themselves be taken by the people without any trouble.

Three new ameirid harpacticoids from Korea and first record of Proameira simplex (Crustacea: Copepoda: Ameiridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3368 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOMISLAV KARANOVIC ◽  
JOO-LAE CHO
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
First Record ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
South Sea ◽  
First Time ◽  
Caudal Rami

Ameiridae Monard, 1927 was previously known from Korea only after one endemic and four cosmopolitan species of the genus Nitokra Boeck, 1865, and a single widely distributed species of the genus Ameira Boeck, 1865, all from brackish enviroments. After a survey of 22 sampling sites and close to 3,500 harpacticoid specimens from various marine enviroments, we report on two new endemic species of Ameira, A. zahaae sp. nov. and A. kimchi sp. nov., from the West Sea and the South Sea respectively. They are both relatively closely related to the previously recorded cosmopolitan A. parvula (Claus, 1866), but show many novel morphological structures in the caudal rami shape and ornamentation. The identity of the cosmopolitan A. parvula in Korea is questioned, and an alternative hypothesis of a species-complex proposed. The fine ornamentation of body somites (especially the pores/sensilla pattern) is studied in detail, and proves to be a very useful new morphological tool in distinguishing closely related spacies in this genus. The genus Pseudameira Sars, 1911 is reported for the first time in Korea, after four females of P. mago sp. nov. from the South Sea. A single damaged female of Proameira cf. simplex (Norman & Scott, 1905) represents the first record of the genus Proameira Lang, 1944 in Korea, Asia, and anywhere in the Pacific. A key to Korean ameirids is also provided, and their apparent rarity in this part of the world noticed.

The phosphate levels of the major surface currents of the Indian Ocean

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Rochford
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
North Indian Ocean ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
The South ◽  
South Indian Ocean ◽  
The North ◽  
South Indian ◽  
South West Monsoon

The principal surface currents of the north Indian Ocean are much richer in phosphate (greater than 0.25 �g-atom/l) than those of the south Indian Ocean (less than 0.15 �g-atom/I). In summer large areas of the surface waters of the south-east Indian Ocean have a very low phosphate content (less than 0.10 �g-atom/l). These waters are by far the lowest in phosphate of the whole Indian Ocean. Their salinity-temperature- phosphate relations show that waters from two regions, the South Equatorial Current in the north and the high salinity belt around 30-35� S., contribute to their formation. Waters of this high salinity belt are carried northward into the low phosphate region by the West Australian Current in summer. These high-salinity waters most probably form by evaporation of an upper 50-m mixed layer of waters of the south-east Atlantic drifting eastward in the south Indian Ocean at an average rate of 15 cm per sec. In the eastern Indian Ocean north of 10�S., surface phosphate levels in summer are governed by the circulation of the richer phosphate waters of the counter current. In winter the circulation of richer phosphate waters of the South-west Monsoon Current governs the phosphate level.

scholarly journals Art. XXVII.—Notes on Malayalam Literature

1900 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-768
Author(s):  
T. K. Krishṇa Menon
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Malayalam is the language of the south-west of the Madras Presidency. It is the third most important language of the Presidency, the first and the second being Tamil and Telugu respectively. It is spoken in Malabar, Cochin, and Travancore. Out of a total of 5,932,207 inhabitants of these parts, 5,409,350 persons are those who speak Malayalam. These countries, taken as a whole, are bounded on the north, by South Canara, on the east by the far-famed Malaya range of mountains, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the west by the Arabian Sea.

Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern Indian Ocean. V. Ecology of the Copepoda

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Tranter
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Eastern Indian Ocean ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Wind Drift ◽  
West Wind ◽  
The North

Seasonal changes in 82 species of epiplanktonic copepods along a longitudinal section in the eastern Indian Ocean (meridian 110°) were studied so that the main structural features of the pelagic ecosystem could be identified. Counts were made of 46 species of Eucalanidae, Euchaetidae, and Sapphirinidae, and the presence or absence of the remainder was recorded. This mixture of qualitative and quantitative data was used to identify the major niche complexes ('biocenoses') and habitat complexes (geocenoses') in the study area. Many species were ubiquitous. The greatest proportion of endemic species occurred in a narrow fringe to the south of Java; these included neritic species such as Acartia erythraea and Eucalanus dentatus, upwelling species such as Calanoides carinatus, and other species of less certain origin (e.g. Eucalanus crassus, Euchaeta concinna, and Candacia catula). The best indicator of tropical water was Candacia pachydactyla, and the best indicator of its mixtures with subtropical water was Euchneta wolfendeni. Whereas presence-absence data were sufficient to group many tropical species which had a limited range, numerical data were needed to classify subtropical species such as Eucalanus subtenuis, Euchaeta longicornis, and Copilia mediterranea. Diurnally separate, as well as seasonally separate, biocenoses could be recognized; these were characterized, in particular, by species of the genus Pleuromamma. The agglomerative program MULTCLAS, using quantitative as well as qualitative data, defined plankton geocenoses more clearly than did the simple divisive program DIVINF using qualitative (presence-absence) data alone. Six systems could be recognized. Their latitudinal and seasonal distribution, and their temperature-salinity properties showed that two were tropical, two were subtropical, and two were tropical-subtropical mixtures. The tropical geocenoses were early and late phases of the 'Java Dome', a south-east monsoon upwelling system. The subtropical geocenoses corresponded to the central water mass and the west wind drift transition zone. The tropical-subtropical mixtures were seasonal phases, the south-east monsoon phase being generally richer than its successor, due probably to lateral advection from the north, possibly from coastal upwelling off the north-west Australian shelf. The west wind drift transition zone had unusual biological properties due, apparently, to its characteristic turbulence and deep mixed layer. Using the scaled exponent of the Shannon-Wiener entropy function H, a diversity maximum was located at about 20�S. in the tropical convergence. Eucalanus subtenuis was responsible for diversity minima in the subtropics. A variety of species was responsible for diversity minima in the tropics, in particular Rhincalanus cornutus and Euchaeta russelli, the latter swarming in the upper layers in midsummer and reducing diversity to practically zero.

The Recent Excavations at Avebury

Antiquity ◽  
1936 ◽  
Vol 10 (40) ◽  
pp. 417-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Keiller ◽  
Stuart Piggott
Keyword(s):  
Concentric Circle ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Double Line ◽  
The North ◽  
The World

The most impressive megalithic monument in the world, which has come to be known as the ‘Avebury Complex‘, lies on a spur of the Middle Chalk running northwestwards from the main massif of the North Wiltshire Downs. Immediately to the west runs the river Kennet. The monument consists of an approximately circular bank with a ditch on its inner side enclosing a level area of 28½ acres. On the inner edge of the ditch stood a circle of standing stones. Inside the circle again stood two interior settings of standing stones, each consisting of a double concentric circle, that to the north having in its centre three stones forming the so-called ‘Cove’, and that to the south a monolith. There was one original entrance through the bank and across the ditch at the south, and to this entrance an avenue (usually called ‘The West Kennet Avenue’) consisting of a double line of standing stones placed in pairs, averaging 50 feet apart transversely, and at average longitudinal intervals of 80 feet, led for a distance of over a mile from two small concentric stone circles on Overton Hill, known as ‘The Sanctuary’.

Integration of Arabic and Western music by means of introducing Arabic music in German primary music curricula

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Rami Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
German Society ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Music Students ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Arabic Music ◽  
The World

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to obtain the opinion of German music students engaged in two musical fields, music education and musicology, concerning the introduction of Arabic music in German schools and eventually into German society. As music is widely considered a language that can be understood and perceived all around the world, even if each style of music has its own identity and reflects the culture of its nation, it can still be considered as a means of integrating the West and the East, as well as the North and the South. The results of this study show that Arabic music can be accepted and understood by German music students from both fields of study. These students see the advantages and benefits of introducing Arabic music to German schools.

US and Russian policies and strategies in the Middle East: Iraq and Syria as a model

2019 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Esraa Aladdin Noori ◽  
Nasser Zain AlAbidine Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Western World ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

The Russian-American relations have undergone many stages of conflict and competition over cooperation that have left their mark on the international balance of power in the Middle East. The Iraqi and Syrian crises are a detailed development in the Middle East region. The Middle East region has allowed some regional and international conflicts to intensify, with the expansion of the geopolitical circle, which, if applied strategically to the Middle East region, covers the area between Afghanistan and East Asia, From the north to the Maghreb to the west and to the Sudan and the Greater Sahara to the south, its strategic importance will seem clear. It is the main lifeline of the Western world.

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