scholarly journals Formation of the L1Hs retroelement in the intron of the MGMT gene of hominoidea

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 338-344
Author(s):  
O. V. Pidpala ◽  
L. L. Lukash

Aim. Analyze the formation of a human-specific L1Hs element in the intron 3 of the MGMT gene on an example of a hominid.  Methods. The results of the search and identification of mobile genetic elements were performed using the CENSOR program. The homology between nucleotide sequences was determined by BLAST 2.6.1. Results. The components of the cluster, where the L1Hs element in the human being was formed, are fragments of the L1PA6 element, which are common in the monkeys of the Old and New World. In the gibbon, among the L1 element groups, there are representatives of older subfamilies (L1PB, L1MC, L1MD and L1ME), and the partial homology to the L1Hs of the element is predominantly of elements of groups that have arisen in the mammalian genomes. Conclusions. Formation of a human-specific L1Hs element occurred during the evolution of Hominoidea in parallel with the formation of the cluster structure of MGE in humans from different subfamilies of LINE1-elements whose component components, obviously, also involved in the formation of the L1Hs element. Keywords: Hominoidea, MGMT gene, intron 3, human-specific L1Hs element.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
O. V. Pidpala ◽  
L. L. Lukash

Aim.To analyze the distribution of species-specific mobile genetic elements (MGE) in orthologs of the MGMT gene in Platyrrhina. Methods. The homology between nucleotide sequences was determined by BLAST 2.6.1. The results of the search and identification of MGE were performed  using  the  CENSOR program. Results. On the example of orthologs of the MGMT gene in New World monkeys, it has been shown that different species-specific MGE identified in their intron sequences may have different evolutionary chronologies. In the case of the element Alu2_TS, which originated in the Tarsiiformes representative, it was found that in evolutionarily close primates it undergoes deletion degradation, while fragments of the human-specific L1Hs element are found in the genomes of evolutionarily distant primates long before the formation and emergence of this retroelement. Conclusions. The chronology of  evolutionary changes in the gene MGMT and its species-specific MGE can be of different nature and occur in parallele and independently. Keywords: Platyrrhina, MGMT gene, MGE, Alu2_TS, L1Hs.


Author(s):  
Carlos Ramos

The trend in the direction of hardware cost reduction and miniaturization allows including computing devices in several objects and environments (embedded systems). Ambient Intelligence (AmI) deals with a new world where computing devices are spread everywhere (ubiquity), allowing the human being to interact in physical world environments in an intelligent and unobtrusive way. These environments should be aware of the needs of people, customizing requirements and forecasting behaviours. AmI environments may be so diverse, such as homes, offices, meeting rooms, schools, hospitals, control centers, transports, touristic attractions, stores, sport installations, and music devices. Ambient Intelligence involves many different disciplines, like automation (sensors, control, and actuators), human-machine interaction and computer graphics, communication, ubiquitous computing, embedded systems, and, obviously, Artificial Intelligence. In the aims of Artificial Intelligence, research envisages to include more intelligence in the AmI environments, allowing a better support to the human being and the access to the essential knowledge to make better decisions when interacting with these environments


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 305-310
Author(s):  
O. V. Pidpala ◽  
L. L. Lukash

Aim. To analyze the evolution of the MGMT gene with using the example of primitive primates with an emphasis on the participation of mobile genetic elements (MGE) in this process. Methods. The homology between nucleotide sequences was determined by BLAST 2.6.1. The results of the search and identification of MGE were performed using the CENSOR program. Results. It was shown on the the example of variable exons, that non-coding sequences can play a coding role at various stages of gene evolution. In the case of the P.coquereli MGMT gene, it was found that exon sequences could be a source of an additional microintron. Based on a comparison of the sequences of Strepsirrhini primates and H.sapience, it can be assumed that fragmented sequences of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-Fc1 could participate in the formation of the coding region of human exon 5 and 3’UTR. Conclusions. The evolutionary changes in the MGMT gene occur at the level of various structural units (exons and introns), and the MGE can be not only components of introns, but also components of exons in the form of fragmented sequences which could not be identified as mobile genetic elements. Keywords: Strepsirrhini, MGMT gene, MGE, HERV-Fc1.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti P ◽  
Tapan Kumar Baral ◽  
Kamal Rawal

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) represent a large portion of the human genome. Its ability tochange their position within the genome has contributed to evolution, however, the same has alsoresulted in several mutations. Many of such mutations are known to cause exon skipping orpremature truncation that result in non-functional or dysfunctional protein, leading to cancer. Here,in this study we aim to determine the distribution of MGEs in cancer-associated genes as comparedto non-cancer associated genes. We curated a list of genes for both the categories and downloadedthe nucleotide sequences of these genes and ran on RepeatMasker to identify the MGEs in eachgene. All the data generated with respect to each gene was parsed and compared. The resultsshowed that the number and the sequence length covered by the identified MGEs in cancer-associated genes were comparatively high. The abundance of MGEs may be correlated with thehigh risk of deletion/insertion of large DNA segments in these genes, that results in higher risk ofcancer. Further studies need to be performed for better clarity on these associations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-1) ◽  
pp. 166-180
Author(s):  
Sergey Piletsky ◽  

The paper raises the problem, quite widely discussed not only in the frame of modern philosophizing, but in the whole complex of socio-humanitarian knowledge – the problem of the perspectives of the formation of the epoch of transhumanism. What is it - the epoch of transhumanism? What are the peculiar properties of it? And what are the specifics of that technological bias which would allow put it into practice? Is there a genetic bond between transhumanism and the sources of the traditional humanism? And why the majority of not only philosophers, but all humanitarians speak out against ‘the unprecedented advantages’ and ‘the good’ of transhumanism, considering its realization as the era of ‘dehumanization’ of a human being? These and similar questions worry millions of intellectuals all over the world. The author of this paper tries to give his answers. He analyses the definitions of humanism, given in two authoritative philosophical dictionaries. Then he reinforces his analysis with not only his own reasonings and extrapolations, but with the positions of three outstanding thinkers and famous humanists of Renaissance – Lorenzo Valla, Pico della Mirandola and Erasmus Roterodamus. However the author tries to consider the historical tradition not isolated but to link with the technological opportunity of its transformation into those perspectives of transhumanism. That’s why the author draws attention to a remarkable writer-philosopher Aldous Huxley with his anti-utopian novel ‘Brave New World’. The author concludes the paper with offering to the reader’s attention his author’s speculative model how it can be.


1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 6689-6695 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Richard ◽  
A Belmaaza ◽  
N Gusew ◽  
J C Wallenburg ◽  
P Chartrand

Mammalian cells contain numerous nonallelic repeated sequences, such as multicopy genes, gene families, and repeated elements. One common feature of nonallelic repeated sequences is that they are homeologous (not perfectly identical). Our laboratory has been studying recombination between homeologous sequences by using LINE-1 (L1) elements as substrates. We showed previously that an exogenous L1 element could readily acquire endogenous L1 sequences by nonreciprocal homologous recombination. In the study presented here, we have investigated the propensity of exogenous L1 elements to be involved in a reciprocal process, namely, crossing-overs. This would result in the integration of the exogenous L1 element into an endogenous L1 element. Of over 400 distinct integration events analyzed, only 2% involved homologous recombination between exogenous and endogenous L1 elements. These homologous recombination events were imprecise, with the integrated vector being flanked by one homologous and one illegitimate junction. This type of structure is not consistent with classical crossing-overs that would result in two homologous junctions but rather is consistent with one-sided homologous recombination followed by illegitimate integration. Contrary to what has been found for reciprocal homologous integration, the degree of homology between the exogenous and endogenous L1 elements did not seem to play an important role in the choice of recombination partners. These results suggest that although exogenous and endogenous L1 elements are capable of homologous recombination, this seldom leads to crossing-overs. This observation could have implications for the stability of mammalian genomes.


PMLA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-127
Author(s):  
Nick Nesbitt

Never having known Assia Djebar, i can only speak of the effect her writing has had on me, above all one of her first works, Les enfants du nouveau monde (Children of the New World), created as Algerian independence became a reality, inaugurating a postcolonial nation full of promise and contradiction. In this novel Djebar wrote of Algeria at a moment, 1961-62, when it was on the threshold of its becoming, the very moment of the invention of Algeria, when the coming laborious construction of Algeria, which continues today, was already visible. The moment when the unyielding violence of the struggle to invent this new country, nation, people, and culture might have ceased, in a site subject to a violence that had proceeded endlessly, terrifyingly, since 1954, since the massacre in Sétif in 1945, since the French invasion of 1830, since the fly-whisk incident and the blockade of Algiers in 1827. By 1961 Algeria had for centuries been defined and constructed by violence. In Les enfants du nouveau monde we encounter the trace of a moment when the participants in the Algerian revolution and war had been shaken to the core of their being by the terror of that struggle and risking of life, a moment when what Frantz Fanon called “le problème de l'homme” (374), the invention of a human being beyond the consuming circles of Eurocentric hegemony, was of the utmost urgency. A moment when Algerians were about to give form and reality to Algeria. Here Djebar wrote of this Algeria in a future perfect and perfect future of that moment, an Algeria that would no sooner be born than vanish, an Algeria that still, today, will have been.


Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Yaqing Ou ◽  
James O. McInerney

The formation of new genes by combining parts of existing genes is an important evolutionary process. Remodelled genes, which we call composites, have been investigated in many species, however, their distribution across all of life is still unknown. We set out to examine the extent to which genomes from cells and mobile genetic elements contain composite genes. We identify composite genes as those that show partial homology to at least two unrelated component genes. In order to identify composite and component genes, we constructed sequence similarity networks (SSNs) of more than one million genes from all three domains of life, as well as viruses and plasmids. We identified non-transitive triplets of nodes in this network and explored the homology relationships in these triplets to see if the middle nodes were indeed composite genes. In total, we identified 221,043 (18.57%) composites genes, which were distributed across all genomic and functional categories. In particular, the presence of composite genes is statistically more likely in eukaryotes than prokaryotes.


Author(s):  
Manuel Sérgio

ResumoNa visão de um administrador ou gestor desportivo, o mundo é entrevisto pelo prisma dos negócios, dado que, para ele, no mundo todo, as pessoas não passam de agentes económicos, compradores ou vendedores, encontrando-se o desporto, inserido em pleno sistema capitalista e, com efeito, o atleta de altos rendimentos, no dualismo senhor-servo, objectualizado. Na exigência de se salientar e apontar possibilidades, este breve ensaio indica um novo tempo, um novo mundo, uma história nova, na qual o futebol é mais do que futebol e o desporto é mais do que desporto, integrando-se na construção de uma humanidade diferente, de uma globalização alternativa, de uma competição-diálogo, no lugar da competição hostil. Isto exige um novo treino desportivo, não apenas “tático”, mas “antropológico e tático”. Na Ciência da Motricidade Humana, pela transcendência, o ser humano não é um ser resignado, fatalista, ele define-se, acima do mais, pelo seu futuro, pelos seus possíveis.Palavras-chave: Desporto. Capitalismo. Ciência da Motricidade Humana.The Philosophy of Liberation and the high sport competitionAbstractIn the eyes of an administrator or sports manager, the world is visualized by the prism of business, given that, for him, all over the world, people are nothing more than economic agents, buyers or sellers, and sports are included in the system capitalist and, indeed, the high-yielding athlete, in the master-servant dualism, objectified. In the demand to emphasize and point out possibilities, this brief essay indicates a new time, a new world, a new history, in which football is more than football and sport is more than sport, integrating itself into the construction of a humanity, an alternative globalization, a competition-dialogue, instead of hostile competition. This requires a new sports training, not just “tactical”, but “anthropological and tactical”. In the Science of Human Motricity, by transcendence, the human being is not a resigned, fatalistic being, he is defined above all by his future, by his possible.Keywords: Sport. Capitalism. Science of Human Motricity.La Filosofía de la Liberación y la alta competición deportivaResumenEn la visión de un administrador o gestor deportivo, el mundo es visualizado por el prisma de los negocios, dado que, para él, en todo el mundo, las personas no pasan de agentes económicos, compradores o vendedores, encontrándose el deporte, insertado en pleno sistema capitalista y, con efecto, el atleta de altos rendimientos, en el dualismo señor-siervo, objetivado. En la exigencia de señalar y apuntar posibilidades, este breve ensayo indica un nuevo tiempo, un nuevo mundo, una historia nueva, en la que el fútbol es más que fútbol y el deporte es más que deporte, integrándose en la construcción de una humanidad diferente, de una globalización alternativa, de una competencia-diálogo, en lugar de la competencia hostil. Esto exige un nuevo entrenamiento deportivo, no sólo “táctico”, pero “antropológico y táctico”. En la Ciencia de la Motricidad Humana, por la trascendencia, el ser humano no es un ser resignado, fatalista, él se define, sobre todo, por su futuro, por sus posibles.Palabras clave: Deporte. Capitalismo. Ciencia de la Motricidad Humana.


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