scholarly journals KULTUREL DIVERSITET OG PSYKOLOGISK ENHED: Eksemplet religiøse ontologier

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Lisdorf
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Ultimate Truth ◽  
Knowledge Validation

How do we explain that people believe in apparently bizarre things as in Evans-Prichards’s study of the Azande beliefs in witches? It is argued that radically nativist theories on the one hand and radically culturalist explanations on the other are inadequate. Rather, a more detailed account needs to be worked out. Taking the example of religious ontologies to which Azandes witches belong, it is argued that religious ontologies consist of a relatively limited catalogue of counter-intuitive concepts on a worldwide basis. The problem is then how to explain why only some of these concepts are present in one culture and others in another culture. Also it is a problem how to explain why these religious ontologies are relatively stable within one culture over long durations, that is, why a kind of cultural inertia exists. It is argued that the mechanism which stabilises cultural knowledge is validation contexts of this knowledge. Validation contexts are situations in which some knowledge is validated as true and other as false. Among the Azande these are the different oracles. The oracles are anthropomorphised in the ritual situation. But they are also sociomorphised, that is, considered a part of the wider society of the Azande. As society has a hierarchy, so do oracles. This creates a knowledge hierarchy among them. Some oracles give the ultimate truth while others are not credible. When questions about witches as causes of misfortune are verified in the highest oracle they remain a part of the religious ontology, which is why they are later again inferred as causes of misfortune and again put as questions to the highest oracle. This looping could explain the cultural inertia which is often testified in many cultures.  

Lorenzo at ‘The Theatre’ Meeting actors and audience

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-38
Author(s):  
N. Ceramella
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The One

The article considers two versions of D. H. Lawrence’s essay The Theatre: the one which appeared in the English Review in September 1913 and the other one which Lawrence published in his first travel book Twilight in Italy (1916). The latter, considerably revised and expanded, contains a number of new observations and gives a more detailed account of Lawrence’s ideas.Lawrence brings to life the atmosphere inside and outside the theatre in Gargnano, presenting vividly the social structure of this small northern Italian town. He depicts the theatre as a multi-storey stage, combining the interpretation of the plays by Shakespeare, D’Annunzio and Ibsen with psychological portraits of the actors and a presentation of the spectators and their responses to the plays as distinct social groups.Lawrence’s views on the theatre are contextualised by his insights into cinema and its growing popularity.What makes this research original is the fact that it offers a new perspective, aiming to illustrate the social situation inside and outside the theatre whichLawrenceobserved. The author uses the material that has never been published or discussed before such as the handwritten lists of box-holders in Gargnano Theatre, which was offered to Lawrence and his wife Frieda by Mr. Pietro Comboni, and the photographs of the box-panels that decorated the theatre inLawrence’s time.

Did Ground Cover Change Over Geologic Time?

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. LePage ◽  
Hermann W. Pfefferkorn
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Plant Fossil

When one hears the term “ground cover,” one immediately thinks of “grasses.” This perception is so deep-seated that paleobotanists even have been overheard to proclaim that “there was no ground cover before grasses.” Today grasses are so predominant in many environments that this perception is perpetuated easily. On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine the absence or lack of ground cover prior to the mid-Tertiary. We tested the hypothesis that different forms of ground cover existed in the past against examples from the Recent and the fossil record (Table 1). The Recent data were obtained from a large number of sources including those in the ecological, horticultural, and microbiological literature. Other data were derived from our knowledge of Precambrian life, sedimentology and paleosols, and the plant fossil record, especially in situ floras and fossil “monocultures.” Some of the data are original observations, but many others are from the literature. A detailed account of these results will be presented elsewhere (Pfefferkorn and LePage, in preparation).

scholarly journals XIX. On the difference of meridians of the Royal Observatories of Greenwich and Paris

1827 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 286-296 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Sidereal Time ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Made In

In the Philosophical Transactions for 1826, Part II. Mr. Herschel has given a detailed account of observations, which were made in the month of July, 1825, for the purpose of ascertaining the difference of the meridians of the Royal Observatories of Greenwich and Paris, with a computation of these observations, from which the most probable value of the difference of longitude appears to be 9 m 21 s. 6. But I have perceived that in the copy of the observations delivered to him from the Royal Observatory of Greenwich, an error of one second has been committed; as the true sidereal time of the observation made there on 21st July, ought to be 17 h 38 m 57·12 in place of 17 h 38 m 56 s. 10, set down in the Table p. 104, which he informs me was computed at the Observatory, and officially communicated to him from the Astronomer Royal. This error seems to have had its origin in the little Table at the bottom of page 103; for, on subtracting the error of the clock, 47 s. 37, from the time 18 h 8 m 30 s. 40, the true sidereal time is 18 h 7 m 43 s. 03, instead of 18 h 7 m 42 s. 03, there given. The error in the result of that day’s observations, arising from this cause, has been partly compensated by a mistake of three tenths of a second, which has occurred in calculating the combined observations of the same day, the gain of mean on sidereal time being stated to be — 4 s. 54 (pp. 120 and 122), in place of — 4 s. 24. On checking the other observations, a few trifling alterations appear to be necessary upon the Greenwich Table of sidereal time, from the data given along with it. These seem to be occasioned by different methods of calculation, and indeed are hardly worthy of notice. The French astronomers not having given the data on which the calculations of the sidereal times at Paris are founded, they are assumed to be correct.

The Relevance of Al-Ghazali’s Educational Views on the Contemporary System of Muslim Education: Focus on Islamic Education in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
AbdulSwamad Gyagenda
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Ultimate Truth ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Core ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Philosophy Of Knowledge

Imam Al-Ghazali used a combination of the wisdom, exposure and experience he had acquired while running the Nizamiyyah colleges to contribute to the core of the theory knowledge, education and Islamic sciences. His ideas suggest that God is the primary source of knowledge and sense alone cannot deliver one to the ultimate truth. He categorised knowledge according to the needs of the society. Knowledge according to him should shape an individual and help him/her to interact with the creator and with the other existents. Knowledge should affect body and soul, mind and heart and ultimately deliver one to happiness here and in the hereafter. His views on the core values of Islam affecting both individuals and society can be employed in determining and redefining the philosophy of knowledge in our contemporary world. The brief on the philosophy of knowledge reflected in here as well as the method of teaching and instruction especially in the Islamic institutions is drawn from Al-Ghazali’s rich reservoir of experience. This literature can be used to develop teaching and learning models and polices in developing Islamic academic institutions especially in Uganda.

Peirce’s legacy for contemporary consciousness studies, the emergence of consciousness from qualia, and its evanescence in habits

Semiotica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfried Nöth
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Self Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
States Of Mind ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
Consciousness Studies ◽  
Nonhuman Animals

Abstract The paper argues that contemporary consciousness studies can profit from Charles S. Peirce’s philosophy of consciousness. It confronts mainstream tendencies in contemporary consciousness studies, including those which consider consciousness as an unsolvable mystery, with Peirce’s phenomenological approach to consciousness. Peirce’s answers to the following contemporary issues are presented: phenomenological consciousness and the qualia, consciousness as self-controlled agency of humans, self-control and self-reflection, consciousness and language, self-consciousness and introspection, consciousness and the other, consciousness of nonhuman animals, and the question of a quasi-consciousness of the physical universe. A detailed account of Peirce’s three modes of consciousness is presented: (1) primisense, qualisense or feeling-consciousness, (2) altersense (consciousness of the other), and (3) medisense, the consciousness of cognition, thought, and reasoning. In contrast to consciousness studies that establish a rather sharp dividing line between conscious and unconscious states of mind, Peirce adopts the principle of synechism, the theory of continuity. For him, consciousness is a matter of degree. An important difference between Peirce’s concept of qualia and current theories of qualia in human consciousness is discussed. The paper shows how consciousness, according to Peirce, emerges from unconscious qualia and vanishes into equally unconscious habits. It concludes with a study of the roles of qualia, habit, and self-control in Peirce’s theory of signs, in particular in qualisigns and symbols, and the question of signs as quasi-conscious agents in semiosis.

scholarly journals The use of ceiling temperature and reactivation in the isolation of pox virus hybrids

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Dumbell ◽  
H. S. Bedson
Keyword(s):  
Active State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Parental Virus ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Ceiling Temperature ◽  
Temperature Heat

A simple method for the isolation of pox virus hybrids on the C.A.M. has been described. One parental virus was used as a heat-inactivated suspension. The other parent was used in the active state, but at a temperature higher than its ceiling temperature. Under these conditions the inactive parent was reactivated so that pocks resulted only from the cells infected with both parental viruses. Many of these pocks were unlike those of either parent. Such lesions were found to contain a high proportion of hybrids. In these experiments, alastrim was crossed with rabbit pox and variola major with cowpox.The term ‘heat-tethered’ has been used to describe virus whose intracellular cycle of development has been arrested by incubation at too high a temperature. Heat-tethered virus has interesting properties and two of these have been described. When the temperature is lowered, heat-tethered virus will start to grow again. Its reactivating potential has been mentioned above. A more detailed account of the properties of heat-tethered virus is being prepared.

scholarly journals Validation as the Integral Part of a Knowledge Management Process

10.28945/2399 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Mach ◽  
Mieczyslaw L. Owoc
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Organisational Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Validation

Observing new concepts in information technology, we pay attention to its impact on more effective supporting human and organisational knowledge. Knowledge management (KM) is one of such promising and intriguing concepts. Its goals and infrastructures are defined in different ways, therefore interdisciplinary approach seems to be useful. We have presented a short survey of theoretical concepts in management, marketing and decision theory, which were adapted by the theory of KM. On the other hand, knowledge validation (KV), defined as two procedures: verification and evaluation any form of knowledge, is aimed on assuring its quality. The paper discusses the crucial interrelationships between knowledge validation and management. The main goal of this work is positioning KV activities in the context of knowledge management process, emphasising usability of KV techniques during the whole process.

Memoirs: The Alimentary Canal and Pro-epithelial Regeneration in Coccinella septempunctata with a comparison of Carnivorous and Herbivorous Coccinellids

1939 ◽  
Vol s2-81 (323) ◽  
pp. 451-478
Author(s):  
S. PRADHAN
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Coccinella Septempunctata ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Nerve Supply ◽  
Epithelial Regeneration ◽  
Gut Epithelium

The paper incorporates: 1. The anatomy of the alimentary canal of Coccinella septempunctata as a type of carnivorous Coccinellid. 2. A detailed account of the extrinsic musculature and the nerve-supply of the cephallic stomodaeum, which have been studied in very few insects and never in Coccinellids. 3. The histology of the alimentary canal, specially the midgut, distinguishing four definite types of epithelium, one of which is surprisingly peculiar and has not been described before. This type of epithelium shows apparently two layers of cells, one superimposed over the other, the outer having large, regularly arranged, intercellular vacuoles as have not been described before, at least in the gut of insects. 4. A discussion on the relations of the four types of epithelium to one another, recognizing that this peculiar type of epithelium is just a phase in a unique process of Pro-epithelial Regeneration in the mid-gut epithelium. 5. A comparison of the chief characteristics of the alimentary canal of carnivorous and herbivorous Coccinellids based on the study of seven species of lady-bird beetles. 6. Probable explanations of the differences between the alimentary canals of the carnivorous and herbivorous Coccinellids.

Jomo Kenyatta, Louis Leakey, and the Counter-Insurgency System

2018 ◽  
pp. 239-278
Author(s):  
Montgomery McFate
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Trojan Horse ◽  
The Other ◽  
London School ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Mau Mau ◽  
System P ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
London School Of Economics ◽  
Host Nation

Jomo Kenyatta, who held a PhD in Anthropology from the London School of Economics, became the first president of Kenya. Kenyatta successfully employed his knowledge of anthropology – the so-called ‘handmaiden of colonialism’ – against a colonial regime, using that knowledge to pinpoint British political weaknesses, unify the Kikuyu and other tribes of Kenya, and construct an ethnographic Trojan Horse that undermined the British edifice upon which colonial law had been built. On the other side, the British counterinsurgency against the Mau Mau also utilized anthropology, both in theory and in practice. As this chapter describes, Louis Leakey’s conceptualization of Kikuyu culture influenced how the British fought the war and demonstrates how elements of the host nation culture – in this case, the Kikuyu practice of oathing and counter-oathing – may be employed in a security strategy. In this intersection of two lives – Jomo Kenyatta and Louis Leakey – many of the themes of this book become apparent, including the danger of fantasy ideologies, the limits of anthropological knowledge, and the asymmetry of cultural knowledge.

II. Note on the separation of the isomeric amylic alcohols formed by fermentation

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 308-309
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The One

At present we are acquainted with two amylic alcohols formed by fermentation. They were discovered by Pasteur, who observed that different specimens of amylic alcohol caused a ray of polarized light to rotate to dif­ferent degrees. He succeeded in devising a separation of these alcohols, which consisted in converting them into sulphamylates of barium and re­crystallizing these salts. The one alcohol is without action on polarized light, and the other rotates it. This method of separation is beset with great practical difficulties, and has, we believe, only once been repeated, viz. by Mr. Pedler. He gives no detailed account of the separation, but gives some of the leading properties of the alcohols. He found that the rotating alcohol caused a ray of polarized light to rotate 17° with a column of 500 millims. of liquid. The following are some examples of the rotations effected by eleven different samples of amylic alcohol in a column of 385 millims. For compa­rison with Pedler’s number, the observed numbers have been reduced in the second column to observations on 500 millims.

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