scholarly journals How the Income Elasticity of Meat Consumption differs between social groups? A case of the UK and the Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-117
Author(s):  
Jindřich Špička ◽  
Jane Eastham ◽  
Markéta Arltová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Uk

The purpose of the article is to show different consumer behaviour between ten different income levels (deciles) and different countries and to examine the elasticity distance between income deciles in the UK (a high-income country) and the Czech Republic (a low-income country) within the context of meat consumption. The official statistic services provided data in the Czech Republic (Czech Statistical Office, 2020) and the UK (Office for National Statistics, 2020). Data on the Czech Republic come from the household budget surveys (HBS). In contrast, corresponding data on UK consumers was drawn from the Living Costs and Food survey, which succeeded the National food survey and household expenditure survey. Both sets of data were set according to households’ structure from the EU-SILC Survey (national module of the European Union – Statistics on Income and Living Conditions). To estimate the income elasticity of meat in the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom in different consumer income groups, a time series cointegration analysis was applied to analyse the annual data for 2000-2017. The Törnquist equation and the difference between income elasticity in monetary and natural expression show saturation and preference of high quality meat in the higher-income consumers in the UK than the same groups in the Czech Republic and overall increasing demand for quality in other income groups. The results support the theory of nutrition transitions. The value of the research is that it would enable the exploration of the potential impact and nature of fiscal interventions for improving diets whilst enabling food producers to forecast meat consumption within the different customer segments.

scholarly journals Analysis of inequality in the consumption of foodstuffs and beverages – the example of the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-266
Author(s):  
Zdeňka Malá ◽  
Gabriela Červená
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Family

The report focuses on the assessment of the rate of inequality in the consumption of foodstuffs and beverages by households in the Czech Republic. It analyzes the said inequality on the basis of data from the Family Account Statistics for the period of 2001–2009. The main methodical tools for the performed analysis are the quantification of the Gini coefficient of natural consumption and the consumption expenditures for foodstuffs and beverages of Czech households, the construction, quantification and verification of consumption functions. The obtained results evidence a greater balance in the consumption of foodstuffs and beverages than which is shown by the allocation of the overall expenditures or income of Czech households. At the same time, the said inequality in the consumption of foodstuffs and beverages is characterized by a slightly declining tendency in time. With regard to individual categories of foodstuffs and beverages, the greatest inequality can be defined in the case of dispensable commodities, which are consumed by quantitatively wealthier strata of the population, who are simultaneously willing to pay a higher price for them. Thus, for a number of commodities, we can note the greater quality of foodstuffs and beverages consumed by higher income groups. These commodities may primarily be characterized as having a greater price elasticity. On the other hand, there are foodstuffs in the case of which consumers react more flexibly to changes in income, but whose consumption is relatively stable. Therefore, inequality of consumption is not unequivocally associated with income elasticity, but rather with price elasticity.

scholarly journals Fiscal sustainability in cee countries – the case of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland

Equilibrium ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Mackiewicz-Łyziak
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Fiscal Sustainability ◽  
Unit Root Tests ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Dominance Testing ◽  
Fiscal Dominance

The aim of the study is to assess fiscal sustainability in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland and to test for existence of fiscal dominance in these countries in the context of the fiscal theory of the price level. The empirical study is conducted using unit root tests and cointegration analysis with possible structural breaks. The approach is consistent with so called backward-looking approach for fiscal dominance testing proposed by Bohn (1998). The results suggest that in the Czech Republic and Poland fiscal dominance prevailed in the analyzed period, while in Hungary – monetary dominance. The result for Hungary may be caused, however, by a one-time reduction in debt resulting from changes in pension system.

scholarly journals Reurbanisation in Postsocialist Europe – A Comparative View of Eastern Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annegret Haase ◽  
Manuel Wolff ◽  
Petra Špačková ◽  
Adam Radzimski
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Inner City ◽  
National Scale ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Eastern Germany ◽  
East German ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
The Uk ◽  
German Cities

Since the 1990s, reurbanisation has become an increasingly frequent trajectory for urban development. Many formerly shrinking cities have been able to stabilise their population or even see new growth. Especially prominent in regions like Germany and the UK, but also observed across the whole continent, a lively debate on reurbanisation has developed as a reality of today’s, and a potential trajectory for tomorrow’s, cities in Europe.Postsocialist Europe has not so far been central in the reurbanisation debate, either empirically or theoretically. Subsequently, the postsocialist experience is missing in the discourse and the existing body of evidence. There is, however, some evidence that Czech and Polish cities are also seeing signs of new inner-city growth and a trend towards core city stabilisation.Against this background, the paper scrutinises the issues of reurbanisation and new growth after the shrinking of postsocialist cities. The paper uses the approach of a contrastive comparison between cities in eastern Germany, where reurbanisation has developed as the predominant trajectory for many large cities, and for cities in Poland and the Czech Republic, where this trend is considerably less prominent. It analyses the development of reurbanisation in these cities and their urban regions over the last few decades, its characteristics and the determinants triggering or impeding it. The paper includes data on a national scale as well as from relevant case studies of cities and their urban regions.It argues, among other things, that there is no “postsocialist model” with regard to influencing factors for reurbanisation. Eastern Germany, due to its specific postsocialist situation and transformation trajectory, can be viewed as an “outlier” or “hybrid” which exhibits characteristics typical of postsocialist and western welfare contexts and which is seeing especially dynamic reurbanisation after a phase of extreme shrinkage. Although there are clear signs of inner-city reurbanisation in Polish and Czech cities as well, it seems relatively unlikely that this process will reach the same high levels as in East German cities within the coming years. * This article belongs to a special issue on reurbanisation.

scholarly journals Still too little, too late? Ten years of growth hormone therapy baseline data from the NordiNet® International Outcome Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Polak ◽  
Daniel Konrad ◽  
Birgitte Tønnes Pedersen ◽  
Gediminas Puras ◽  
Marta Šnajderová
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Standard Deviation Score ◽  
Outcome Study ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Start ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackground:We investigated time trends in age, gender, growth hormone (GH) dose and height standard deviation score (SDS) in children with GH deficiency (GHD), born small for gestational age (SGA) or with Turner syndrome (TS) starting GH treatment.Methods:Data were obtained from children enrolled in the NordiNet®International Outcome Study (IOS) between 2006 and 2015 in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Serbia and Montenegro (all indications), and Switzerland and the UK (GHD only). Trends were analyzed by linear regression. Patients were divided by age into early-, medium- or late-start groups in three different time periods.Results:Approximately one-third of children starting treatment for GHD were girls, with no apparent increase in proportion over time. The mean baseline age for starting treatment decreased significantly (p<0.001) for both GHD and SGA in the Czech Republic and Germany. In the other countries studied, over 40% of children started treatment for GHD and SGA late (girls >10, boys >11 years) between 2013 and 2015. The mean baseline GH doses were largely within recommended ranges for GHD and SGA, but below the lowest recommended starting dose for TS in almost every year since 2011 except in France.Conclusions:Approximately one-third of children starting treatment for GHD were girls. Between 2013 and 2015, more than 40% of children started treatment for GHD and SGA late except in Germany and the Czech Republic. TS patients received below-recommended doses. These results highlight the need for earlier identification of short stature in children, particularly girls, and for dose optimization in TS.

Role of employment-related inequalities in young adults’ life satisfaction: A comparative study in five European welfare state regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Vancea ◽  
Jennifer Shore ◽  
Mireia Utzet
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Young People ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Welfare State Regimes

Aims: There is evidence that young people are less satisfied with their lives when they are unemployed or working in precarious conditions. This study aims to shed light on how the life satisfaction of unemployed and precariously employed young people varies across welfare states with different labour market policies and levels of social protection. Methods: The analyses are based on representative cross-sectional survey data from five European countries (Denmark, the UK, Germany, Spain and the Czech Republic), corresponding to five different welfare state regimes. For economically active young adults ( N=6681), the prevalence ratios of low life satisfaction were estimated through multivariate logistic regressions. Results: In all five countries, unemployed young adults presented a higher prevalence of low life satisfaction. When we compared employees with people with permanent and temporary contracts, the former were more satisfied with their lives only in Germany and the UK, examples of conservative and liberal welfare regimes, respectively. Experience of unemployment decreased young adults’ life satisfaction only in Germany and the Czech Republic, examples of a conservative and an eastern European welfare regime, respectively. In almost all countries, young adults with low economic self-sufficiency presented a higher prevalence of low life satisfaction. Conclusions: There are nuanced patterns of employment type and life satisfaction across European states that hint at welfare state regimes as possible moderators in this relationship. The results suggest that the psychological burdens of unemployment or work uncertainty cannot be overlooked and should be addressed according to different types of social provisions.

scholarly journals Detection of mosquito-only flaviviruses in Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Calzolari ◽  
Líbia Zé-Zé ◽  
Daniel Růžek ◽  
Ana Vázquez ◽  
Claire Jeffries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Aedes Caspius ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Relationship Of

The genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, includes a number of important arthropod-transmitted human pathogens such as dengue viruses, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus. In addition, the genus includes flaviviruses without a known vertebrate reservoir, which have been detected only in insects, particularly in mosquitoes, such as cell fusing agent virus, Kamiti River virus, Culex flavivirus, Aedes flavivirus, Quang Binh virus, Nakiwogo virus and Calbertado virus. Reports of the detection of these viruses with no recognized pathogenic role in humans are increasing in mosquitoes collected around the world, particularly in those sampled in entomological surveys targeting pathogenic flaviviruses. The presence of six potential flaviviruses, detected from independent European arbovirus surveys undertaken in the Czech Republic, Italy,Portugal, Spain and the UK between 2007 and 2010, is reported in this work. Whilst the Aedes flaviviruses, detected in Italy from Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, had already been isolated in Japan, the remaining five viruses have not been reported previously: one was detected in Italy, Portugal and Spain from Aedes mosquitoes (particularly from Aedes caspius), one in Portugal and Spain from Culex theileri mosquitoes, one in the Czech Republic and Italy from Aedes vexans, one in the Czech Republic from Aedes vexans and the last in the UK from Aedes cinereus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship of these putative viruses to other insect-only flaviviruses.

Investment appraisal of advanced manufacturing technology in the czech republic, usa and united kingdom

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Hájek ◽  
Josef Hynek ◽  
Václav Janeček ◽  
Frank Lefley ◽  
Frank Wharton
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Capital Projects ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Investment Appraisal ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

The results of a survey large Czech manufacturing companies are presented which shows the current levels of investment in advanced manufacturing technology (AMT), the techniques and criteria used to assess AMT capital projects, and attitudes to the need for further investment. Comparisons are made with the results of earlier identical surveys in the UK and the USA. The comparisons reveal numerous statistically significant differences. The current levels of AMT investment in the Czech Republic are relatively low, the techniques used for evaluation relatively unsophisticated, the investment criteria used are more short term, and there is less concern about the need for AMT.

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