scholarly journals Władza lokalna na obszarach wiejskich – zróżnicowanie w przestrzeni i zmiana w czasie profilu samorządowca = Local authorities in rural areas – diversification in space and change in the profile of self-government officials over time

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 7-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Mazur ◽  
Konrad Czapiewski ◽  
Krzysztof Janc ◽  
Michał Konopski
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Over Time

Sprawne funkcjonowanie społeczności lokalnych w ramach danego obszaru jest w dużej mierze uzależnione od potencjału oraz możliwości wykorzystania miejscowych zasobów. Jednym z ważniejszych zasobów i czynników kształtujących rozwój lokalny jest kapitał ludzki tkwiący w danej społeczności, a w szczególności w lokalnych władzach samorządowych. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja charakterystycznych cech struktury władz samorządowych na obszarach wiejskich Polski. Pod uwagę wzięto zarówno przestrzenną, czasową, jak i funkcjonalną zmienność tej struktury. Opis przestrzeni zaprezentowano w aspekcie międzyregionalnym, zróżnicowania między regionami historycznymi oraz wewnątrzregionalnym w zależności od odległości od większych ośrodków miejskich. Podstawę analizy zróżnicowania w aspekcie funkcjonalnym stanowiła typologia funkcjonalna gmin z 2010 r., pozwalająca wyróżnić 8 podstawowych typów struktury gospodarki lokalnej. Zakres czasowy stanowią kadencje wójtów i burmistrzów w okresie 2002–2018. Zakres przedmiotowy opracowania obejmuje wiek, płeć i wykształcenie oraz miejsce zamieszkania i stabilność władzy. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły wskazać szereg prawidłowości dotyczących zróżnicowania każdej z pięciu wymienionych cech władz lokalnych. Prawidłowości te są jednak mniej wyraźne niż w przypadku zróżnicowania zachowań wyborczych mieszkańców.

THE ROLE OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN CREATING CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: A CASE STUDY OF RURAL MUNICIPALITIES IN POLAND

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata MARKS-BIELSKA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Rural Municipalities

The author’s purpose has been to point to initiatives that can be undertaken by authorities in rural municipalities in order to create positive conditions for the growth of entrepreneurship in their territorial units. Parallel to a review of selected references, a survey method was employed, which relied on a questionnaire developed by the author and addressed to local authorities in all municipalities across Poland. Out of 2 479 Polish municipalities, 1 220 responded (d – measurement error = 2%), of which 770 were rural ones (49.17% of the rural municipalities in Poland). The socio-economic environment and spatial conditions of rural areas are different from the ones which prevail in an urban setting. Local governments are equipped with instruments with which they can take advantage of the potential they possess and thereby achieve their goals. Local authorities take initiatives together with the entrepreneurs who are already active in their municipality. Strategically orientated local government officials offer various forms of assistance to entrepreneurs. Regions, towns or municipalities are now competing fiercely for the capital. Developed land parcels (technical infrastructure) are no longer sufficient to attract investors. Other, innovative and business-friendly solutions must be looked for. A municipality which is successful in this search gain a competitive advantage, will attract some capital and, in a further perspective, will attain a high economic growth.

scholarly journals Visualising regional disparities in the risk of COVID-19 at different phases of lockdown in England

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2098416
Author(s):  
Yu-Wang Chen ◽  
Lei Ni ◽  
Dong-Ling Xu ◽  
Jian-Bo Yang
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The North ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Over Time

Since late January 2020 when the first coronavirus case reached England, United Kingdom, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly and widely across all local authorities (LAs) in England. In this featured graphic, we visualise how COVID-19 severity changes nationally and locally from 30 January to 23 November 2020. The geo-visualisation shows that there have been large regional disparities in the severity of the outbreak, and the epicentres have shifted from Greater London, Leicester, to the North of England and remained in the North during pre-lockdown, post-lockdown, easing lockdown and second national lockdown phases. We further find that the increase in the testing capacity may partially explain the sharp increase in the confirmed cases during the second wave of the pandemic. However, the disparities in the severity of COVID-19 (i.e., confirmed cases and deaths) among LAs in England become more significant over time. It further sheds light on the necessity of establishing decisive and timely responses to cope with local pandemic situations.

scholarly journals Increasing the socio-cultural influence of immovable cultural heritage on local communities – the case of historic residential buildings in Wielkopolska used as hotels

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Zdzisława Elżbieta Niemczewska
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Cultural Functions

The article presents results of a study of how immovable cultural heritage used for commercial purposes of tourism affects local communities. The study is based on data collected in direct interviews with property owners and representatives of local authorities and a questionnaire survey of local residents concerning sixteen historic buildings used as hotels, which are located in rural areas of Wielkopolskie province. It was found that the provision of additional, free cultural functions for local communities by property owners and/or local authorities exerts a greater socio-cultural impact and contributes to local, sustainable development. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that when historic buildings of this kind are used for commercial purposes it is important to ensure that they are part of the cultural experience not only for hotel guests but also for the local community. In this way, entire communities can appreciate their local cultural heritage (socio-cultural impact), which in turn strengthens cultural sustainability.

scholarly journals Analyses of Nocturnal Temperature Cooling-Rate Response to Historical Local-Scale Urban Land-Use/Land Cover Change

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1872-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winston T. L. Chow ◽  
Bohumil M. Svoma
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Over Time

AbstractUrbanization affects near-surface climates by increasing city temperatures relative to rural temperatures [i.e., the urban heat island (UHI) effect]. This effect is usually measured as the relative temperature difference between urban areas and a rural location. Use of this measure is potentially problematic, however, mainly because of unclear “rural” definitions across different cities. An alternative metric is proposed—surface temperature cooling/warming rates—that directly measures how variations in land-use and land cover (LULC) affect temperatures for a specific urban area. In this study, the impact of local-scale (<1 km2), historical LULC change was examined on near-surface nocturnal meteorological station temperatures sited within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, for 1) urban versus rural areas, 2) areas that underwent rural-to-urban transition over a 20-yr period, and 3) different seasons. Temperature data were analyzed during ideal synoptic conditions of clear and calm weather that do not inhibit surface cooling and that also qualified with respect to measured near-surface wind impacts. Results indicated that 1) urban areas generally observed lower cooling-rate magnitudes than did rural areas, 2) urbanization significantly reduced cooling rates over time, and 3) mean cooling-rate magnitudes were typically larger in summer than in winter. Significant variations in mean nocturnal urban wind speeds were also observed over time, suggesting a possible UHI-induced circulation system that may have influenced local-scale station cooling rates.

Development of a temporally harmonized asset index: Evidence from across 50 years of follow up of a birth cohort in Guatemala

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jithin Sam Varghese ◽  
John Maluccio ◽  
Solveig Cunningham ◽  
Manuel Ramirez-Zea ◽  
Aryeh Stein
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Asset ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Asset Index ◽  
Housing Characteristics ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Asset-based indices are widely-used proxy measures of wealth in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). The stability of these indices within households over time is not known. Methods We develop a harmonized household asset index for the participants (n = 2392) of INCAP Longitudinal Study, Guatemala using data from six waves of follow-up over the period of 1965–2018. We estimate its cross-sectional association with parental schooling (in 1967-75) and attained schooling (in 2015-18) of cohort members. We study how patterns of cross-sectional loadings change over time and between urban-rural settings. We assess its robustness to omission of assets or study waves and alternate specifications of factor extraction procedure. Results The harmonized index created using 8 assets and 11 housing characteristics explained 32.4% of the variance. Most households increased in absolute wealth over time with median wealth (25th percentile, 75th percentile; households) increasing from − 3.74 (-4.42, -3.07; 547) in 1967 to 2.08 (1.41, 2.67; 1145) in 2017-18. Ownership of television, electricity, quality of flooring and sanitary installation explained the largest proportion of variance. The index is positively associated with measures of schooling (maternal: r = 0.16; paternal: r = 0.10; attained: r = 0.35, all p < 0.001). In 2015-18, house ownership versus housing characteristics and ownership of electronic goods differentiate households in urban and rural areas respectively. The index is robust for omission of assets or study waves, indicator categorization and factor extraction method. Conclusion A temporally harmonized asset index administered consistently over time may allow study of associations of life-course social mobility with human capital outcomes in LMIC contexts. Our approach permits exploration of trends in household wealth of the sample over a follow-up period against repeated cross-sectional surveys which permit the estimation of only the mean trajectory.

Romanian Agriculture Funding

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-184
Author(s):  
Ancuta Marin
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Eu Integration ◽  
Rural Development Program

Romania's EU integration has determined major economic changes, including the transition to a functional market economy which meant the existence of a competitive environment, free commercial exchanges, and free movement of people, capital, and services. To solve the existent delays, Romania has benefit from the European Community's funds for investment in agriculture and rural areas through the financial mechanism which assures non-reimbursable funds for farmers, private societies, and local authorities. Without claiming that we are exhausting the issue of financing in Romanian agriculture, the topic addressed brings some issues regarding the financing under the National Rural Development Program (NRDP) and the possible explanations of the low absorption rate of these funds. NRDP is a program which allow people to access non-reimbursable funds from EU and Romanian Government for economic and social development of the rural area.

scholarly journals Odds of Receiving Vaccines, but Not Vitamin A, Increased over Time in Urban and Rural Ethiopia, 2000–2016: A Secondary Data Analysis of DHS Data (P04-095-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Blacker ◽  
Shari Krishnaratne
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives Childhood vaccines and biannual vitamin A delivery by health systems are key to child health; suboptimal administration may be a result of inadequate coverage or access to health systems. There have been national programs set in Ethiopia, such as the health sector development program, to improve child health. Therefore, we sought to describe trends in infant vaccines and vitamin A in urban and rural settings in Ethiopia. We hypothesized there would be an increase over time in infants (1) receiving all basic vaccines and (2) vitamin A in the past 6 months. We also hypothesized (3) coverage would be higher in urban settings. Methods We used four nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from Ethiopia between 2000 and 2016. The analysis comprised 11,621 infants 6–23 months old. Logistic regression models using a forward-stepwise approach were created to test these 3 hypotheses, controlling for wealth, age, sex of infant, and mother's highest education level. Interaction terms were fitted between survey year and education level, setting and education level, and setting and wealth index quintile, and tested using the Wald test. Results (1) The percentage of infants having received all basic vaccines increased from 11.1% in 2000 to 31.0% in 2016; the odds of having received these vaccines increased over time also. (2) This is not true for vitamin A, where there was no pattern in the odds of having received vitamin A between survey years. (3) Rural infants were 40% less likely to have received all basic vaccines, compared to urban infants (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.60; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.83), and there was no evidence of an association between setting and receiving vitamin A (AOR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.61, 1.09). There was strong evidence for interaction between setting and mother's highest education level, setting and wealth index quintile, and survey year and education level (all P < 0.01). Conclusions These results suggest that (1) while there has been improvement in infants receiving basic vaccines, (2) progress may be slowing slightly in vitamin A coverage and (3)there is a need to improve coverage of basic vaccines for infants in rural areas. Strengthening of and improved access to health services should remain a priority to ensure proper distribution of vaccines and vitamin A in Ethiopia. Funding Sources N/A. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Enhancing Integrity to Strengthen Organizational Performance of Local Authorities in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.29) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fadzli Ahmad Tajuddin ◽  
Anis Yusal Yusoff ◽  
Mohd Rezaidi Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Over Time

The main theme of this paper encompasses on the operationalization of the notion of integrity focusing on the performance of local authorities (LAs) in Malaysia. Specifically, the study applies the Community Integrity Building (CIB) concept which highlighted on the significant contribution of tripartite parties in gearing for better organizational performance namely community monitors, contractors and LAs. Furthermore, CIB creates an enhanced feedback loop of continuous improvement and vigilance, creating better community over time. The study also pioneered on measuring of fix rate methodology and integrity approach objectively; thus bridging the gap between conceptualization and operationalization spectrum. Finally, the paper concludes by enlightening and giving some insights on the potentials of CIB approach and changing the typical art of doing things in public service especially with regards to integrity agenda vis-‘a-vis building stronger local community.              

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF LONELINESS AND RURAL RESIDENCE ON DEPRESSION IN LATER LIFE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S828-S828
Author(s):  
Na Sun ◽  
Cassandra Hua ◽  
Xiao Qiu ◽  
J Scott Brown
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Latent Curve ◽  
Rural Residency ◽  
Latent Curve Models ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Loneliness is associated with depression among older adults. Limited research has examined the role of rurality in relationship to loneliness and depression; the extant research has mixed findings. The socioemotional selectivity theory states that as people age the quality of relationships become more important than the quantity (English & Carstensen, 2016). Individuals in rural areas may have a low quantity of relationships but deeper social ties within the community; thus, they may be less likely to become depressed over time. The association between loneliness and depression may be amplified for people in non-rural areas because they are surrounded by other people but lack close relationships that are most important during the aging process. This study examines the effect of living in rural areas on loneliness on predicting baseline depression and loneliness, as well as changes in these outcomes over time. Data are from the 2006-2014 waves of Health Retirement Study. Regression models examine the relationship between depression loneliness and rural residence controlling for health conditions and demographic characteristics. Latent curve models examine the disparity in trajectories of loneliness and depressive symptoms by urban and rural residence. Older adults who feel lonely (p&lt;.001) and in urban areas (p&lt;.0.05) are more likely to be depressed. Furthermore, the effect of loneliness on depression is weakened by rural residence (p&lt;.05). It is salient to understand the protective effect of rural residency on depression among older adults in the U.S. We discuss implications for policy.

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