scholarly journals Response of Acer saccharum seedlings to elevated O3 and CO2 concentrations

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Catherine Gaucher ◽  
Pierre Dizengremel ◽  
Yves Mauffette ◽  
Normand Chevrier
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
High Light ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Competitive Growth ◽  
Elevated O3 ◽  
Fertilizing Effect

The effects of three times ambient [O3] (3x) and high [CO2] (650 µL L-1 CO2) alone and in combination were studied on 2-yr-old sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings for 86 days in open top chambers. Sugar maple net CO2 assimilation rate and growth were not decreased by the O3 treatment after one growing season, and the epicuticular wax was not damaged compared with the control. The absence of response to the O3 treatment is attributable to the low stomatal conductance of this species resulting in a low O3 uptake, together with the succession of periods of high and low [O3], which allowed the seedlings to alleviate the oxidative stress. At the end of August, under high [CO2], the growth of the seedlings and net CO2 assimilation to stomatal conductance to CO2 ratio in the second flush of leaves had doubled. Under the environmental growth conditions of the chambers (high light, nutrients and water availabilities), the seedlings may benefit from the availability of CO2. Sugar maple seedlings may have a competitive growth advantage under elevated CO2 conditions and three times ambient [O3] did not decreased the fertilizing effect of CO2.

High light intensity stress as the limiting factor in micropropagation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amritpal S. Singh ◽  
A. Maxwell P. Jones ◽  
Mukund R. Shukla ◽  
Praveen K. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Intensity Stress

scholarly journals Effects of Scarification Disturbance on the Seedling and Midstory Layer in a Successional Mixed-Oak Forest

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Lhotka ◽  
James J. Zaczek
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Soil Scarification ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Abstract This study investigated whether soil scarification during the presence of abundant white oak (Quercus alba L.) acorns and other mast could be used to increase the density of oak reproduction and reduce competitive midstory species in a mid-successional mixed-oak upland forest. The study was conducted in a 7.3 ha forest with a mature oak overstory and a well-developed midstory of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and pawpaw (Asmina triloba Dunal.) in southern Illinois. The soil scarification was conducted in the autumn after acorn dissemination using a crawler tractor with a six-tooth brush rake. One growing season after treatment, significantly higher numbers of oak seedlings, primarily white oak, were present in the scarified plots (5,164 ha-1) compared to the control plots (1,273 ha-1). Seedling density of all other species classes did not differ between treatments. Scarification affected 61% of midstory trees and thus reduced their density and competitive position. Of these trees, 21% of stems were completely removed by the scarification treatment. Results suggest that, in the presence of abundant acorns, scarification may increase the number of new oak germinants in stands lacking advanced oak reproduction. Finally, because scarification increased the density of oak seedlings and reduced competing midstory trees, it can play a role in promoting the establishment of advanced oak reproduction. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):85–91.

scholarly journals Experimental branch cooling increases foliar sugar and anthocyanin concentrations in sugar maple at the end of the growing season

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 696-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Schaberg ◽  
Paula F. Murakami ◽  
John R. Butnor ◽  
Gary J. Hawley
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Phloem Transport ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Anthocyanin Production ◽  
Specific Sugar

Autumnal leaf anthocyanin expression is enhanced following exposure to a variety of environmental stresses and may represent an adaptive benefit of protecting leaves from those stresses, thereby allowing for prolonged sugar and nutrient resorption. Past work has shown that experimentally induced sugar accumulations following branch girdling triggers anthocyanin biosynthesis. We hypothesized that reduced phloem transport at low autumnal temperatures may increase leaf sugar concentrations that stimulate anthocyanin production, resulting in enhanced tree- and landscape-scale color change. We used refrigerant-filled tubing to cool individual branches in a mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) tree to test whether phloem cooling would trigger foliar sugar accumulations and enhance anthocyanin biosynthesis. Cooling increased foliar sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations 2- to nearly 10-fold (depending on the specific sugar and sampling date) relative to controls and increased anthocyanin concentrations by approximately the same amount. Correlation analyses indicated a strong and steady positive relationship between anthocyanin and sugar concentrations, which was consistent with a mechanistic link between cooling-induced changes in these constituents. Tested here at the branch level, we propose that low temperature induced reductions in phloem transport may be responsible for increases in foliar sugars that trigger anthocyanin displays at grander scales.

Removal of the lichen mat by reindeer enhances tree growth in a northern Scots pine forest

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 2981-2993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Macias Fauria ◽  
Timo Helle ◽  
Aarno Niva ◽  
Heikki Posio ◽  
Mauri Timonen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Fertilizing Effect

Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus L.) lichen grazing enhanced Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) growth in a northeastern Fennoscandian forest. Lichen mat removal by grazing in a previously ungrazed area increased soil versus air temperature coupling. This caused faster soil spring warming and higher soil temperatures during late spring and summer, which are related to an earlier start of and better growth conditions during the trees’ growing season. Tree growth was related to spring and summer climate during the study period, 1896–2001. Snowmelt date, and ultimately soil warming and start of the growing season, may have caused the relationships between tree growth and spring climate. A drop in July temperature and an increase in the spring signals were found and attributed to the “divergence problem,” a widespread weakening in the relationships between tree growth and summer temperature in northern latitudes observed in the late 20th century. Differences in the relationships between tree growth and climate were found between trees growing in grazed and ungrazed parts of the stand. Tree growth differences were detected ∼10 years after the removal of the lichen mat. The fertilizing effect of reindeers on tree growth was considered minimal in this study, but its influence cannot be completely ruled out. Grazing intensity may thus be an important component of boreal forest carbon uptake.

scholarly journals Leaf Conductance and Xylem Water Potential of Ecotypes and Cultivars of Acer saccharum and A. nigrum

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 649a-649
Author(s):  
Steve C. Yuza ◽  
Art L. Youngman ◽  
John C. Pair
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Green Mountain ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Old Trees

This study examined physical factors and physiological responses of five different ecotypes and cultivars of Acer saccharum and A. nigrum. The objective was to determine variations in leaf conductance and xylem water potential and correlations associated with their natural geographic distribution. Compared were two ecotypes of sugar maple, Caddo and Wichita Mountains, native to Oklahoma with cultivars Green Mountain and Legacy, plus black maple seedlings from Iowa. Measurements taken included leaf conductance, xylem water potential and soil water potential in a replicated block of 15-year-old trees. The two ecotypes had consistently higher photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance and transpiration rates than other selections. Xylem water potentials were significantly higher for Caddo maples than Green Mountain, Legacy and Acer nigrum in both predawn and midday samples. This difference in water availability can be associated with a tendency for Caddo to vary its stomatal conductance. The other tree types maintained stable stomatal conductances.

Photosynthetic and antioxidant enzyme responses of sugar maple and red maple seedlings to excess manganese in contrasting light environments

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel B. St. Clair ◽  
Jonathan P. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Mn Toxicity

Manganese (Mn) toxicity may be a significant constraint to forest health on acidic, non-glaciated soils. We hypothesised that sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) seedlings differ in their tolerance to excess Mn, and that photosynthetic sensitivity to excess Mn is exacerbated at higher light intensities through photo-oxidative stress. To test these hypotheses, we assessed photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme responses of sugar maple and red maple seedlings at variable Mn and light levels in a greenhouse study. In both species, high Mn treatments impaired photosynthetic function, particularly in high light conditions. Responses to Mn and light depended on the developmental stage of the leaves. All sugar maple leaves were sensitive to Mn toxicity except shaded young leaves. For red maple, only mature leaves exposed to high light were prone to Mn toxicity. Antioxidant enzyme and ФPSII / ФCO2 data suggested that photo-oxidative stress did not explain the observed photosynthetic responses to treatment variables. Our results indicate that in natural forest environments, sugar maple and red maple foliage exposed to high light intensity (outer canopy, canopy gaps) may be more prone to Mn toxicity.

Decay of birdseye sugar maple (Acer Saccharum) and curly red maple (Acer Rubrum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Tara Lee Bal ◽  
Katherine Elizabeth Schneider ◽  
Dana L. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple

Altitude of origin influences stomatal conductance and therefore maximum assimilation rate in Southern Beech, Nothofagus cunninghamii

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Hovenden ◽  
Tim Brodribb
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Carboxylation Efficiency ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Carbon Assimilation Rate ◽  
Southern Beech ◽  
Maximum Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Biochemistry

Gas exchange measurements were made on saplings of Southern Beech, Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. collected from three altitudes (350, 780 and 1100 m above sea level) and grown in a common glasshouse trial. Plants were grown from cuttings taken 2 years earlier from a number of plants at each altitude in Mt Field National Park, Tasmania. Stomatal density increased with increasing altitude of origin, and stomatal con-ductance and carbon assimilation rate were linearly related across all samples. The altitude of origin influenced thestomatal conductance and therefore carbon assimilation rate, with plants from 780 m having a greater photosynthetic rate than those from 350 m. The intercellular concentration of CO2 as a ratio of external CO2 concentration (ci/ca) was similar in all plants despite the large variation in maximum stomatal conductance. Carboxylation efficiency was greater in plants from 780 m than in plants from 350 m. Altitude of origin has a strong influence on the photo-synthetic performance of N. cunninghamii plants even when grown under controlled conditions, and this influence is expressed in both leaf biochemistry (carboxylation efficiency) and leaf morphology (stomatal density).

Radial Growth Trends of Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) in an Allegheny Northern Hardwood Forest Affected by Beech Bark Disease

1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina M. DiGregorio ◽  
Marianne E. Krasny ◽  
Timothy J. Fahey
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Growth Trends ◽  
Northern Hardwood
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