scholarly journals Transgenic crops : new weed problems for Canada?

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.I. Warwick ◽  
H.J. Beckie ◽  
E. Small
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Ecological Region ◽  
Case Basis

Over 25 000 transgenic field trials were conducted globally from 1986-1997, and many transgenic crops, including soybean (Glycine max), maize (Zea mays), tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), canola (Brassica napus, B. rapa), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and potato (Solarium tuberosum) have been commercially released. There has been a high adoption rate, with at least 28 million ha reported for 1998, with herbicide- and insect-resistant plants occupying 71 and 28% of the releases, respectively. The current status of commercial production of transgenic crops in Canada is summarized. Transgenic crops have the potential to change weed communities/populations in three principal ways, via: 1 ) escape and proliferation of the transgenic plants as 'weedy' volunteers with subsequent displacement of the crop, weed and/or natural vegetation; 2) hybridization with and transgene infiltration into related weedy and/or wild species, resulting in invigorated weeds and/or alteration of natural gene frequencies in these species; and 3) genetic changes in populations of unrelated species, as a result of changes to the environment, in particular herbicide-resistant (HR) transgenic crops and the development of HR weeds. Potential risk can be estimated a priori using knowledge of the systematics of crop/wild/weed complexes. Risk must be assessed on a case-by-case basis for each crop, each country/ecological region, and for each trait. Potential weed risks will be greater if crop volunteers are predisposed to becoming weedy, are well adapted to the Canadian climate and if sexually compatible wild species are present.

scholarly journals Gene flow from herbicide resistant transgenic soybean to conventional soybean and wild soybean

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye Jin Kim ◽  
Do Young Kim ◽  
Ye Seul Moon ◽  
In Soon Pack ◽  
Kee Woong Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Glycine Soja ◽  
Wild Soybean ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Transgenic Soybean ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Detectable Rate ◽  
Food And Feed

Abstract Gene flow from transgenic crops to conventional cultivars or wild relatives is a major environmental and economic concern in many countries. South Korea is one of the major importer of transgenic crops for food and feed, although commercial cultivation of transgenic crops is not yet allowed in this country. This study evaluated gene flow from the herbicide glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant transgenic soybean (Glycine max) to five non-transgenic soybean cultivars and three accessions of wild soybean (Glycine soja). Field trials were conducted over 2 years, and gene flow was monitored up to 10 m distance from the pollen source. The results indicated that the detectable rate of gene flow from transgenic to conventional soybeans varied between 0 and 0.049% in both 2014 and 2015 field trials, while no hybrids were detected among wild soybean progenies. The highest rate of gene flow was found in the progenies of the Bert cultivar, which exhibited the longest period of flowering synchronization between the pollen donor and the recipient. In addition, overall gene flow rates declined with increased distance from the transgenic soybean plot. Gene flow was observed up to 3 m and 8 m from the transgenic soybean plot in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Our results may be useful for developing measures to prevent gene flow from transgenic soybean.

scholarly journals Herbicide-resistant crops in resistant weed management : An industrial perspective

2005 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shaner
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Selection Of

Some of the first products of biotechnology to reach the marketplace have been herbicide-resistant crops. Industry sees the development of herbicide-resistant varieties as a way to increase the availability of proven herbicides for a broader range of crops. However, the development of herbicide- resistant crops requires special attention to potential environmental questions such as herbicide usage, selection of resistant weed biotypes and spread of resistance from the resistant crop to wild species. Industry is actively addressing these concerns during the process of development. Proper development and use of herbicide-resistant crops in integrated weed management programs will provide farmers with increased flexibility, efficiency, and decreased cost in their weed control practices without increasing the risk of herbicide-resistant weeds. Furthermore, herbicide-resistant crops should prove to be valuable tools in managing herbicide- resistant weeds.

Mesotrione: a new preemergence herbicide option for wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) control in wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Michael J. Walsh ◽  
Peter Newman ◽  
Paul Chatfield
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Pot Trials

Abstract Wild radish is the most problematic broadleaf weed of Australian grain production. The propensity of wild radish to evolve resistance to herbicides has led to high frequencies of multiple herbicide resistant populations present in these grain production regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of mesotrione to selectively control wild radish in wheat. The initial dose response pot trials determined that at the highest mesotrione rate of 50 g ha−1, PRE application was 30% more effective than POST on wild radish. This same rate of mesotrione POST resulted in a 30% reduction in wheat biomass compared to 0% for the PRE application. Subsequent, mesotrione PRE dose response trials identified a wheat selective rate range of >100 and < 300 g ai ha−1 that provided greater than 85% wild radish control with less than 15% reduction in wheat growth. Field evaluations confirmed the efficacy of mesotrione at 100 to 150 g ai ha−1 in reducing wild radish populations by greater than 85% following PRE application and incorporation by wheat planting. Additionally, these field trials demonstrated the opportunity for season-long control of wild radish when mesotrione PRE was followed by bromoxynil POST. The sequential application of mesotrione, an HPPD-inhibiting herbicide, PRE followed by bromoxynil, a PS II-inhibiting herbicide POST has the potential to provide 100% wild radish control with no effect on wheat growth.

scholarly journals Key Aspects on the Biology, Ecology and Impacts of Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers] and the Role of Glyphosate and Non-Chemical Alternative Practices for the Management of This Weed in Europe

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travlos ◽  
Montull ◽  
Kukorelli ◽  
Malidza ◽  
Dogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Alternative Practices

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers is a common and noxious worldwide weed of increasing distribution in many European countries. In the present review, information on the biology, ecology, agricultural, economic and environmental impact of johnsongrass is given, and the current status of this weed in Europe is discussed. Furthermore, special attention is given to the important role of field trials using glyphosate to control weeds in arable and perennial crops in many European countries. Some of the factors which affect control efficacy and should be taken into account are also discussed. Finally, several non-chemical alternative methods (cultural, mechanical, thermal, biological, etc.) for johnsongrass management are also presented. The adoption of integrated weed management (IWM) techniques such as glyphosate use, crop rotation, and deep tillage is strongly recommended to control plant species that originate from both seed and rhizomes.

Bicarbonate-Reversible Inhibition of Plastoquinone Reductase in Photosystem II

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Bicarbonate Effect ◽  
Type Data

Abstract In this paper the current status of the so-called bicarbonate effect is presented. Several chemicals (such as formate, azide, nitrite and nitric oxide) are known to inhibit the two-electron gate of photosystem II (PS II). A remerkable slowing down of QA- reoxidation and an increase in equilibrium [QA- ] have been observed after the second or the subsequent, but not the first, flash when thylakoid membranes are treated with formate, etc. And, significantly, these effects are totally and uniquely reversed upon bicarbonate addition. The current hypothesis is that bicarbonate functions as a proton shuttle that stabilizes the binding niche of QB- and stimulates platoquinol formation. This bicarbonate effect must involve both the D 1 and D 2 proteins since various herbicide-resistant D 1 mutants (e.g., D 1 -S264A , D 1 -L275F), as well as some D 2 mutants (e.g., D 2 -R251S, D 2 -R 233Q) have been found to be differentially sensitive to formate. The D 2-arginine (233, 251) effects are specific since D 2 -R 139H mutant and an­ other mutant in which an extra arginine was inserted, between F 223 and E 224 , behaves like the wild type. Data in the literature suggest that the bicarbonate binding must also involve Fe in the PS II QA-Fe -QB complex. In contrast, the QA-Fe -QB complex and the two-electron gate of both green and purple photosynthetic bacteria, including the M -E 234 G , Q and V mutants, are insensitive to bicarbonate-reversible inhibitors. We will also address the question of the nature of the active species involved and the possible role of bicarbonate in vivo.

Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) with Dicamba Applied Preplant and Postemergence in Dicamba-Resistant Soybean

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly P. Byker ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
François J. Tardif ◽  
Mark B. Lawton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Late Emergence ◽  
Rescue Treatment ◽  
Control Options ◽  
Initial Control ◽  
Excellent Control

Herbicide-resistant crops, such as glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean, allow for broad-spectrum, flexible weed control with minimal crop injury; however, the development of GR weeds, such as horseweed, has forced reliance on alternative herbicides for control of these weeds. While preplant (PP) herbicides provide excellent control of GR-horseweed, there are currently no POST herbicide control options within soybean. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dicamba for the control of GR-horseweed when applied PP, POST, and sequentially in dicamba-resistant soybean. Dicamba applied PP at 600 g a.e. ha−1provided 90 to 100% control of GR-horseweed 8 wk after application (WAA) across three field trials conducted in Ontario in 2011 and 2012. Similarly, sequential applications provided 91 to 100% control. This technology provides a much-needed POST option of dicamba to be applied as a rescue treatment to control weed escapes caused by late emergence or poor initial control following a PP herbicide application.

Current status and prospects of herbicide‐resistant grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor )

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaji Aravindhan Pandian ◽  
Sarah Sexton‐Bowser ◽  
P.V. Vara Prasad ◽  
Mithila Jugulam
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Herbicide Resistant

scholarly journals Field trials and tribulations-making sense of the regulations for experimental field trials of transgenic crops in Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Gómez-Galera ◽  
Richard M. Twyman ◽  
Penelope A.C. Sparrow ◽  
Bart Van Droogenbroeck ◽  
René Custers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Experimental Field ◽  
Making Sense

scholarly journals Current Status and Perspective of Weed Management in Herbicide-Resistant Crops

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Yeong Pyon ◽  
Kyu Seob Chang ◽  
Jeung Joo Lee ◽  
Kee Woong Park
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Herbicide Resistant

scholarly journals Interrogating Epigenome toward Personalized Approach in Cutaneous Melanoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 901
Author(s):  
Elena-Georgiana Dobre ◽  
Carolina Constantin ◽  
Marieta Costache ◽  
Monica Neagu
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Therapeutic Algorithms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Aberrant Dna Methylation ◽  
Personalized Approach

Epigenetic alterations have emerged as essential contributors in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, including cutaneous melanoma (CM). Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic modifications are highly dynamic and reversible and thus easy to regulate. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the latest research findings on the role of genetic and epigenetic alterations in CM initiation and development. We believe that a better understanding of how aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications, along with other molecular processes, affect the genesis and clinical behavior of CM can provide the clinical management of this disease a wide range of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets that can be used to prevent or abrogate drug resistance. We will also approach the modalities by which these epigenetic alterations can be used to customize the therapeutic algorithms in CM, the current status of epi-therapies, and the preliminary results of epigenetic and traditional combinatorial pharmacological approaches in this fatal disease.

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