scholarly journals Derechos humanos y empresas transnacionales: las debilidades del tercer pilar derivadas de las normas de promoción de inversiones. El caso Chevron como paradigma de la necesidad del Binding Treaty | Human rights and transnational corporations: the weaknesses of the third pillar caused by investment promotion agreements. The Chevron case as a paradigm of the need for a Binding Treaty

2019 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Adoración Guamán
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
International Level ◽  
Investment Promotion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
The Republic

RESUMEN. El texto se centra en la necesidad de desarrollar normas internacionales vinculantes que aseguren el respeto por parte de las empresas transnacionales respecto de los derechos humanos, que pongan fin a la impunidad de estos actores económicos, así como para garantizar el acceso a la justicia para las víctimas y la reparación de las violaciones. Al analizar el caso de Chevron, el texto refleja que, si bien existen diferentes iniciativas a nivel internacional destinadas a alentar a las empresas transnacionales a comportarse de manera respetuosa con los derechos humanos, estas iniciativas siguen siendo insuficientes, ya sea por su falta de obligatoriedad o por su carácter parcial, dado que siguen dependiendo de la voluntad de estos actores económicos transnacionales. El caso Chevron y los laudos recaídos a lo largo del proceso arbitral de la empresa contra la República del Ecuador, muestran una paradoja alarmante: ciertos derechos, como el acceso a la justicia, diseñados para proteger los derechos humanos en su conjunto se están utilizando para salvaguardar los beneficios de determinadas empresas trasnacionales. Este caso, junto con muchos otros crímenes corporativos, apoya la idea de que el proceso de la Resolución 26/9, el llamado Binding Treaty, es actualmente el único que puede garantizar el acceso a la justicia y los recursos para las víctimas.   ABSTRACT. The text is focus on the need to develop internationally binding standards on transnational corporations and human rights in order to bring their impunity to an end, as well as ensuring access to justice for the victims and the reparation of the consequences. By analysing the Chevron case, the text reflects that although there are different initiatives at international level aimed at encouraging transnational companies to behave respectfully, these initiatives continue to be insufficient, either because of their lack of obligation or because of their partial nature, dependent on the voluntariness of these transnational economic actors. The Chevron case and the arbitration awards adopted during the arbitration proceedings against the Republic of Ecuador show an alarming paradox: certain rights, such as access to justice, designed to protect human rights as a whole, are being used to full effect to safeguard the profits of economic entities. This case, together with many other crimes, supports the idea that the process of Resolution 26/9, the so called Binding Treaty, is currently the only one potentially capable of ensuring the access to justice and remedies to victims.

scholarly journals Corporations and Human Rights Obligations

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis G ARNOLD
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Argument Proceeds ◽  
Policies And Practices

AbstractThe claim that corporations have human rights obligations remains contentious and can be fraught with confusion. This article synthesizes existing corporate human rights theory and responds to objections to the idea that transnational corporations (TNCs) have human rights obligations. The argument proceeds in three stages. The first section describes the different forms TNCs take and explains why TNCs are properly understood as moral agents responsible for their policies and practices. The second section reviews and explains different philosophical theories of corporate human rights obligations. The third section articulates and responds to objections to the idea that corporations have human rights obligations. The main conclusion of this article is that there are multiple, compelling and overlapping justifications of corporate human rights obligations.

Foreign Direct Liability Claims in Sweden: Learning from Arica Victims KB v. Boliden Mineral AB?

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Kløcker Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Court Action ◽  
Environmental Damages ◽  
Liability Claims ◽  
Parent Companies

On 12 September 2013 what may be the first foreign direct liability claim in Sweden was filed in the County Court of Skellefteå, a court action reflective of a growing wave of civil liability suits in European jurisdictions to hold transnational corporations accountable for human rights violations and environmental damages. This article examines the feasibility of foreign direct liability claims in Sweden, focusing on enabling conditions with regards to jurisdiction, collision rules and applicable law, substantial legal basis, procedural and practical circumstances, and the theories by which parent companies can be held liable for negligence in supervising acts of subsidiaries and contractors. It is demonstrated that foreign direct liability claims on environmental damage are indeed possible in Sweden, albeit with considerable constraints, primarily of a procedural and financial character. The conclusion provides some cautious remarks on the merits of the claim against Boliden and the reform options available to a Swedish government committed to improving the access to justice for victims of violations perpetuated by Swedish companies, their subsidiaries and contractors.

Separation or Connection

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
Alasdair Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
National Security ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
The Republic

This chapter focuses on the third dilemma in the design of governance strategies: When leaders devise governance strategies, they must decide whether borders will emphasize separation or connection with the rest of the world. Such a decision is not easy, and different considerations—national security, economic growth, internal cohesion, human rights—may pull in opposite directions. In the early years of the republic, American leaders often emphasized separation from the rest of the world. In the twenty-first century, there are good reasons why American leaders must look beyond their borders. Some dangers—climate change, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, economic instability—can be addressed properly only by building international institutions that promote cooperation among states. The challenge for leaders is to build these institutions without appearing to betray people back home. The doctrine of universal human rights, consolidated over the last seventy years, complicates strategy-making even further, because it sometimes demands that foreigners be given treatment comparable to that of citizens. However, this doctrine might not be well understood or generally accepted by many people within the United States.

Access to a Court in Matters Concerning Disputes of an Individual with the Public Administration in the Republic of Poland vs. the Standards of the Council of Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Ewa Wójcicka
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

Summary This paper focuses specifically on the fundamental part of the right to a fair trial, namely access to a court. The aim of this article is an attempt to analyse the difference between the requirements of European standards and how they are reflected in Polish legislation. First of all, I am going to analyze basic European standards specified in Article 6(1) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Recommendation Rec(2004)20 on the judicial review of administrative acts and in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Then I will focus on selected aspects of the problem of judicial review of administrative acts specified in the Act of 30th August 2002 Law on Proceedings before Administrative Courts. I will discuss several specific topics from this field, which can be considered as crucial in relation to access to court, namely: definition of terms for access to justice by an individual, exhausting administrative remedies before judicial review, locus standi and legal aid.

scholarly journals Violencia de Estado y violencia de género. Las paradojas en torno a los derechos humanos de las mujeres en México

Revista Trace ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Rosalva Aída Hernández Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
State Violence ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Level ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Mouvements Sociaux ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
International Instruments

En este artículo, la autora reflexiona sobre el proceso contradictorio vivido en la última década en México: por un lado una política exterior en materia de derechos humanos muy exitosa a nivel internacional, en la que se han ratificado varios instrumentos internacionales en contra de la discriminación y violencia hacia las mujeres; paralelamente existe una política interna en la que la violencia de Estado se justifica en nombre de la “paz social” y se utiliza en contra de las mujeres activistas e integrantes de movimientos sociales.Abstract: In this article, the author reflects on contradictory policies in Mexico during the last decade: on one hand a very successful foreign policy on human rights at international level such as several international instruments against the discrimination and violence. Those instruments have been ratified towards women, but on the other hand, as the author observes, State violence against women justified in the name of “social peace”, used against activist women and members of social movements.Résumé : Dans cet article, l’auteur analyse le processus contradictoire que connaît le Mexique depuis une dizaine d’années. D’un côté, une politique extérieure réussie en matière de droits de l’homme au niveau international et politique qui ratifie les instruments internationaux contre la discrimination et la violence exercées à l’encontre des femmes et, parallèlement, une politique intérieure où la violence d’État est justifiée au nom de la « paix sociale » et s’exerce contre les femmes activistes et les membres de mouvements sociaux.

Derechos humanos emergentes: Hacia una visión integral de los derechos en la ciudad

2015 ◽  
pp. 25-49
Author(s):  
Andrea del Pilar Naranjo Morales
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Partnerships ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
The Face ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The City

Resumen La vertiginosa tendencia hacia el desplazamiento de amplios sectores poblacionales originalmente rurales hacia espacios dominados por las ciudades y reciente incorporación de alianzas internacionales promovidas por las urbes, permiten formular nuevas preguntas sobre el futuro de la urbanización desmesurada y la posición de los derechos en un momento histórico caracterizado por el incremento de las brechas de desarrollo integral y el aumento de la marginación frente a la lenta pero progresiva asunción de normativas internacionales de reconocimiento de derechos y garantías para su protección. Bajo esta perspectiva, se presentan dos documentos enfocados hacia la construcción de políticas públicas locales con carácter internacional, bajo la égida de las ciudades como actores internacionales fundamentales, para la plena vigencia y efectividad de los derechos: La Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos Emergentes y la Carta-Agenda Mundial de Derechos Humanos en la Ciudad.   Palabras clave: derechos humanos, Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos Emergentes, derecho internacional, democracia.   EMERGING HUMAN RIGHTS: TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF RIGHTS IN THE CITY Abstract The fast trend towards large displacement rural population toward the cities, and the recent addition of international partnerships promoted by cities, allow for new questions about the future of disproportionate urbanization and the place of rights in that process, in a historical moment characterized by increased overall development gaps, and increasing marginalization, in the face of the gradual acceptance of international standards for the recognition of rights and their protection. In this perspective, the paper discusses two documents focused in the construction of local public policies with international character, under the aegis of cities as main international actors for the full effect and effectiveness of rights: The Universal Declaration of Emerging Human Rights and Global Charter-Agenda for Human Rights in the City. Key words: Human Rights, Universal Declaration of Emerging Human Rights, international law, democracy. 

scholarly journals La Educación para la Promoción de los Derechos Humanos de la Tercera Generación

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Escámez Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Community Or ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Derechos Humanos

The paper deals with the ways to promote the third generation human rights through education. It underlines the evolutionary dynamism of human rights and the necessity to promote a culture based on their recognition. Solidarity is analysed as the value which specify this generation of rights. Then the author defends the rights to a healthy environment, to peoples’ development, and to peace, as key components of any international political community or local communities aiming to meet the requirements of human dignity. Finally, he proposes some pedagogical practices to help the students to become conscious and responsible citizens, so they have the competence to ask to individuals and groups, specially to those who have the power, to recognise and respect these new human rights.

scholarly journals Direitos humanos, refugiados e migrantes: literatura infantil e acolhimento

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-70
Author(s):  
Iara Tatiana Bonin ◽  
Darlize Teixeira de Mello ◽  
Liége Freitas Barbosa ◽  
Rosa Maria Hessel Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Children's Literature ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
International Level ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Full Compliance ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Palabras Clave

O artigo objetiva explorar a fecundidade da literatura infantil para a garantia de um atendimento pleno dos direitos humanos envolvidos em situações de refúgio e migração. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, foram organizados dois eixos principais: no primeiro, analisamos algumas ações e projetos no âmbito nacional e internacional que visam ao acolhimento das crianças refugiadas ou migrantes através da literatura; no segundo, analisamos sete obras literárias recentes que abordam as temáticas das migrações e do exílio articuladas de alguma forma com a temática dos direitos humanos. O estudo buscou inspiração em pesquisadores, como Chambers (2007); Colomer (2012); Colomer; Fittipaldi, 2012; Petit (2012; 2013; 2018) que vêm afirmando a potencialidade das narrativas literárias para favorecer situações de acolhimento. Informações relativas a refugiados/migrantes foram buscadas em informes do ACNUR. No estudo, evidenciamos como as narrativas literárias oferecem a possibilidade de imaginar outros mundos e operar uma abertura para a diferença, que inclua o respeito aos direitos à vida, à integridade física, à segurança e à liberdade.   Derechos humanos, refugiados y migrantes: literatura infantil y Acogimiento El artículo tiene como objetivo explorar la fecundidad de la literatura infantil para la garantía de un atendimiento pleno de los derechos humanos involucrados en situaciones de refugio y migración. Para el desarrollo del estudio, fueron organizados dos ejes principales: en el primero, analizamos algunas acciones y proyectos en el ámbito internacional que visan al acogimiento de los niños refugiados o migrantes a través de la literatura; en el segundo, analizamos siete obras literarias recientes que abordan las temáticas de las migraciones y del exilio articuladas de alguna forma con la temática de los derechos humanos. El estudio buscó inspiración en investigadores como Chambers (2007); Colomer (2012); Colomer, Fittipaldi, 2012; Petit (2012; 2013; 2018) que vienen afirmando la potencialidad de las narrativas literarias para favorecer situaciones de acogimiento. Informaciones relativas a refugiados⁄migrantes fueron buscadas en informes de la ACNUR. En el estudio, evidenciamos cómo las narrativas literarias ofrecen la posibilidad de imaginar otros mundos y operar una apertura para la diferencia, que incluya el respeto a los derechos a la vida, a la integridad física, a la seguridad y a la libertad. Palabras-clave: Derechos humanos. Migración. Refugiados. Literatura infantil.   Human rights, refugees and migrants: children’s literature and hosting This paper aims to explore the productivity of child’s literature as a means to ensure full compliance with human rights in situations of refuge or migration. Two main axes were organized for the development of the study: the first consists of the analysis of projects and actions at the national and international level that aim to welcome refugee or migrant children through literature; the second, seven recent literary works that address the matters of migration and exile articulated with human rights are analysed. This study was inspired by scholars as Chambers (2007); Colomer (2012); Colomer; Fittipaldi, (2012); Petit (2012; 2013; 2018) as they affirm the potentiality of literary narratives to aid in situations of hosting. Information related to refugees and migrants were obtained from UNHCR reports. The study evidences how literary narratives offer the possibility to imagine other worlds and to operate an opening to difference that includes the respect for the rights to life, physical integrity, safety and freedom. Keywords: human rights. migration. refugees. children’s literature.

Cumplimiento y aplicación de las decisiones de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: Panorama general

2018 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Jorge Aguayo Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Third ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Palabras Clave

ResumenEl presente estudio tiene por objeto el análisis de los efectos de las decisiones de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en relación al cumplimiento y aplicación de sus pronunciamientos en los Estados miembros de la convención americana. Para ello, este trabajo presentará tres apartados. En el primero de ellos se hará una exposición de los aspectos más relevantes del sistema interamericano. En segundo término, se desarrollará el tema propuesto, enfatizando en el caso chileno. Y, fnalmente, en tercer lugar, se desarrollarán conclusiones generales fundadas en el análisis crítico, respecto a la obligatoriedad, aplicación ygrado de cumplimiento de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, tomando como base principal la regulación, la doctrina y la jurisprudencia relacionadas al tema. Palabras clave: Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos; Cumplimiento de sentencias; Pacta sunt servanda; Diálogo judicial.ResumoO presente estudo tem por objeto a análise dos efeitos das decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sobre o cumprimento e a aplicação de seus pronunciamentos nos Estados membros da Convenção Americana. Para isso, este trabalho apresentará três seções. No primeiro, será feita uma exposição dos aspectos mais relevantes do sistema interamericano. Em segundo lugar, o tema proposto será desenvolvido, enfatizando no caso chileno. E, fnalmente, no terceiro lugar, vão se desenvolver conclusões gerais com base na análise crítica sobre a obrigação, aplicação e grau de cumprimento das sentenças da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, tomando como fundamento aregulação, a doutrina e jurisprudência relacionadas ao assunto.Palavras-chave: Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos;Cumprimento de sentenças; Pacta sunt servanda; Diálogo JudicialAbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, regarding the compliance and implementation of its declarations in the member States of the American Convention. For this purpose, this study will be presented in three sections. The frst one will include an exhibition of the most relevant aspects of the InterAmerican system. Secondly, the proposed topic will be developed, emphasizing the Chilean case. Finally, the third section will develop the general conclusions based on critical analysis regarding the enforceability, implementation and level of compliance of the Inter-America Court of Human Rights rulings, taking as a main base the regulation, doctrine and jurisprudence related to this topic.Keywords: Inter-American Court of Human Rights, sentences compliance, Pacta sunt servanda, judicial dialogue.

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