scholarly journals The contribution of Franz Josef Gall to the development of criminal anthropology. Part II. In Search of the physiological origins of compulsive behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-163
Author(s):  
Dmitry Vadimovich Bakharev
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Medical Scientist ◽  
The Brain

This article is dedicated to the teachings of the Austrian medical scientist and naturalist Franz Josef Gall (1758-1828) on anthropology and human psychology. One of the key theses of Gall’s doctrine consists in the conclusion that the peculiarities of human anthropology and psychology manifest in various forms of social activity. According to Gall, the specificity of physiological processes in human body, peculiarities of personality development, and the intensity of external manifestation of personality traits are substantiated by the peculiarities of formation and subsequent development of separate parts and elements of the human brain. Developmental imbalances or existence of pathologies in the segment of the brain located above the ear canal of the human skull imparts a negative overtone on personality traits. In a worst-case scenario, this may lead to manifestation of such destructive qualities as a pathological lust for violence against animals and people, propensity for arson, and ultimately, homicide. Similar cerebral dysfunctions many have a significant impact upon sexual behavior of a person, and activate destructive qualities. The ideas of F. J. Gall on the influence of developmental imbalances or pathology of separate segments of the human brain upon the occurrence and manifestation of negative personality traits, are still used in modern research in the field of neurocriminology. Namely, the recent findings of American scientists, which are based on the methods of magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography, reveal substantial differences in the structure and functionality of separate segments of the brain of persons who committed murder or convicted of less grave offences.

scholarly journals Effects of amphetamine on the human brain opioid system – a positron emission tomography study

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joar Guterstam ◽  
Nitya Jayaram-Lindström ◽  
Simon Cervenka ◽  
J. James Frost ◽  
Lars Farde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Opioid System ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Reward System

Abstract Studies in rodents have shown that psychostimulant drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine cause endorphin release in the brain reward system. There is also evidence for the involvement of the opioid system in human psychostimulant dependence. The acute effects of an i.v. psychostimulant drug on the brain opioid system, however, have not yet been investigated in humans. We hypothesized that an i.v. dose of amphetamine as compared to placebo would cause an opioid release in the human brain reward system, measurable as a reduction of the binding potential of the µ-opioid receptor radioligand [11C]carfentanil. Ten healthy young men were examined using positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]carfentanil in three sessions: at baseline; after placebo; after an i.v. amphetamine dose of 0.3 mg/kg bodyweight. The order of amphetamine and placebo was double-blinded and randomized. PET examinations were performed with a Siemens high resolution research tomograph. Data were analysed with the simplified reference tissue model, applying manually drawn regions of interest for every subject. Using repeated measures analysis of variance, we found no significant differences in [11C]carfentanil binding potential between amphetamine and placebo conditions in any of the investigated brain regions. In contrast to data from rodent studies and a recent study of oral amphetamine administration in humans, an i.v. dose of amphetamine does not cause any acute opioid release in healthy human subjects. The postulated role of the opioid system in mediating the effects of amphetamine needs to be further investigated in animal models of the disease as well as in patient populations.

scholarly journals Metabolic and haemodynamic resting-state connectivity of the human brain: a high-temporal resolution simultaneous BOLD-fMRI and FDG-fPET multimodality study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharna D Jamadar ◽  
Phillip GD Ward ◽  
Emma Xingwen Liang ◽  
Edwina R Orchard ◽  
Zhaolin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Metabolic Connectivity ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSimultaneous FDG-PET/fMRI ([18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography functional magnetic resonance imaging) provides the capacity to image two sources of energetic dynamics in the brain – glucose metabolism and haemodynamic response. Functional fMRI connectivity has been enormously useful for characterising interactions between distributed brain networks in humans. Metabolic connectivity based on static FDG-PET has been proposed as a biomarker for neurological disease; but static FDG-PET cannot be used to estimate subjectlevel measures of connectivity, only across-subject covariance. Here, we applied high-temporal resolution constant infusion fPET to measure subject-level metabolic connectivity simultaneously with fMRI connectivity. fPET metabolic connectivity was characterised by fronto-parietal connectivity within and between hemispheres. fPET metabolic connectivity showed moderate similarity with fMRI primarily in superior cortex and frontoparietal regions. Significantly, fPET metabolic connectivity showed little similarity with static FDG-PET metabolic covariance, indicating that metabolic brain connectivity is a non-ergodic process whereby individual brain connectivity cannot be inferred from group level metabolic covariance. Our results highlight the complementary strengths of fPET and fMRI in measuring the intrinsic connectivity of the brain, and open up the opportunity for novel fundamental studies of human brain connectivity as well as multi-modality biomarkers of neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Neuropsychological and Social Factors of Deviant Behaviour in Adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.N. Gut ◽  
M.K. Kabardov
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
School Students ◽  
Deviant Behaviour ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Detention Center ◽  
The Brain

The paper focuses on factors influencing deviant behaviour in adolescents and presents outcomes of a study that involved 60 adolescents from a youth detention center and 60 school students aged 15 years. Functional asymmetry of the brain is one of the key integrative features in the brain organization that plays an important role in personality development and, for instance, in the development of personality traits associated with delinquency. We explored time perspective and personality traits of the adolescent subjects as well as their inclination towards various forms of deviant behaviour and the levels of neurotisation and psychopathisation and found significant correlations between deviant behavior and personality traits determined by functional brain asymmetry. As we show, the specifics of the lateral organization of mental processes determines the specifics of time orientation in the adolescents, which, in turn, affects the individual’s behavioural regulation in situations of social orientation and promotes either socially accepted or deviant behaviour.Such studies open up possibilities for a better understanding of deviant behaviour as well as for its prevention and early interventions.

scholarly journals Kinetic modeling and parameter estimation of TSPO PET imaging in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona Wimberley ◽  
Sonia Lavisse ◽  
Ansel Hillmer ◽  
Rainer Hinz ◽  
Federico Turkheimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Input Function ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Vessels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tspo Imaging

Abstract Purpose Translocator protein 18-kDa (TSPO) imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is widely used in research studies of brain diseases that have a neuro-immune component. Quantification of TSPO PET images, however, is associated with several challenges, such as the lack of a reference region, a genetic polymorphism affecting the affinity of the ligand for TSPO, and a strong TSPO signal in the endothelium of the brain vessels. These challenges have created an ongoing debate in the field about which type of quantification is most useful and whether there is an appropriate simplified model. Methods This review focuses on the quantification of TSPO radioligands in the human brain. The various methods of quantification are summarized, including the gold standard of compartmental modeling with metabolite-corrected input function as well as various alternative models and non-invasive approaches. Their advantages and drawbacks are critically assessed. Results and conclusions Researchers employing quantification methods for TSPO should understand the advantages and limitations associated with each method. Suggestions are given to help researchers choose between these viable alternative methods.

scholarly journals Traumatic brain injury induces elevation of Co in the human brain

Metallomics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine R. Roberts ◽  
Dominic J. Hare ◽  
Catriona A. McLean ◽  
Alison Conquest ◽  
Monica Lind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Acute Brain Injury ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Brain

Following acute brain injury (<3 hours post-event), cobalt levels in the brain are significantly elevated. This elevation may have important implications for positron emission tomography neuroimaging for assessing brain injury severity.

Metabolic and Hemodynamic Resting-State Connectivity of the Human Brain: A High-Temporal Resolution Simultaneous BOLD-fMRI and FDG-fPET Multimodality Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharna D Jamadar ◽  
Phillip G D Ward ◽  
Emma X Liang ◽  
Edwina R Orchard ◽  
Zhaolin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Metabolic Connectivity ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Simultaneous [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography functional magnetic resonance imaging (FDG-PET/fMRI) provides the capacity to image 2 sources of energetic dynamics in the brain—glucose metabolism and the hemodynamic response. fMRI connectivity has been enormously useful for characterizing interactions between distributed brain networks in humans. Metabolic connectivity based on static FDG-PET has been proposed as a biomarker for neurological disease, but FDG-sPET cannot be used to estimate subject-level measures of “connectivity,” only across-subject “covariance.” Here, we applied high-temporal resolution constant infusion functional positron emission tomography (fPET) to measure subject-level metabolic connectivity simultaneously with fMRI connectivity. fPET metabolic connectivity was characterized by frontoparietal connectivity within and between hemispheres. fPET metabolic connectivity showed moderate similarity with fMRI primarily in superior cortex and frontoparietal regions. Significantly, fPET metabolic connectivity showed little similarity with FDG-sPET metabolic covariance, indicating that metabolic brain connectivity is a nonergodic process whereby individual brain connectivity cannot be inferred from group-level metabolic covariance. Our results highlight the complementary strengths of fPET and fMRI in measuring the intrinsic connectivity of the brain and open up the opportunity for novel fundamental studies of human brain connectivity as well as multimodality biomarkers of neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Shifting Paradigm: From Intellectual Quotient, Emotional Quotient, and Spiritual Quotient toward Ruhani Quotient (Ruhiology Perspectives)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-162
Author(s):  
Achmad Ushuluddin ◽  
Abd Madjid ◽  
Siswanto Masruri ◽  
Mohammad Affan
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Emotional Quotient ◽  
Intellectual Quotient ◽  
Intelligence Models ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Brain

There are three theories of human intelligence, namely Intellectual Quotient (IQ), Emotional Quotient (EQ), and Spiritual Quotient (SQ). In its subsequent development, following the SQ era that considered the God Spot in the human brain as a source of intelligence, the concept of the Heart's Code (HC) indicates that the source of intelligence lies in the heart, not the brain. The SQ model proposed by Zohar-Marshall and the HC model suggested by Pearsall only touched the biological and psychological realms, namely the material brain and the material heart. Both have yet to touch upon the transcendental level of divinity, namely the spiritual brain and the spiritual heart. By using Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolution approach, the current article intends to prove that the source of intelligence is not the brain but the ruh. When God has perfected the creation of man by blowing ruh in him, the sense of hearing subsequently radiates through the ears, sight through the eyes, smell through the nose, speech through the mouth, taste through the tongue, and intelligence through the brain. As a consequence, the brain is but a tool, it is not a source of intelligence. If IQ, EQ, and SQ are regarded as intelligence models originating from the human mind, which is certainly artificial in nature, then Ruhani Quotient (RQ) is an intelligence model originally created by God. Ruhani Quotient (RQ), which is based on the ruh, has implications on new studies pertaining to ruhiology.

Toward a neuroscope: An application of high-performance computing for real-time evaluation of brain function using MRI

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 922-923
Author(s):  
C. S. Potter ◽  
C. D. Gregory ◽  
H. D. Morris ◽  
Z.-P. Liang ◽  
P. C. Lauterbur
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy ◽  
3D Anatomy

Over the past few years, several laboratories have demonstrated that changes in local neuronal activity associated with human brain function can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Using these methods, the effects of sensory and motor stimulation have been observed and cognitive studies have begun. These new methods promise to make possible even more rapid and extensive studies of brain organization and responses than those now in use, such as positron emission tomography.Human brain studies are enormously complex. Signal changes on the order of a few percent must be detected against the background of the complex 3D anatomy of the human brain. Today, most functional MR experiments are performed using several 2D slice images acquired at each time step or stimulation condition of the experimental protocol. It is generally believed that true 3D experiments must be performed for many cognitive experiments. To provide adequate resolution, this requires that data must be acquired faster and/or more efficiently to support 3D functional analysis.

Reducing Probabilistic Weather Forecasts to the Worst Case Scenario: Anchoring Effects

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Savelli ◽  
Susan Joslyn ◽  
Limor Nadav-Greenberg ◽  
Queena Chen
Keyword(s):  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Worst Case Scenario ◽  
Anchoring Effects
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document