scholarly journals Evolutionary analysis of chromosome end extension

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haojing Shao ◽  
Chenxi Zhou ◽  
Minh Duc Cao ◽  
Lachlan J.M Coin
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Telomeric Sequence ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Interstitial Telomeric Sequence ◽  
Snp Data ◽  
Telomere Sequence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subtelomeric Regions

There are substantial subtelomeric interstitial telomeric sequence (ITS) in the human genome, however the origin of these sequences is not well understood. We investigate the possibility that these ITS have arisen via a process of chromosome end extension to the telomere sequence. By analysing the relationship between subtelomeric duplication and ITS, we identify multiple ITS which were the ancestral chromosome telomeric capping sequence. Comparison of chromosome terminal sequence between 15 species reveals an ongoing evolutionary process of chromosome extension, with an average extension rate of 0.0020 bp per year per chromosome. Analysis of SNP data from 1000 genomes demonstrates reduced SNP diversity in subtelomeric regions, indicating that many terminal regions are younger than the remaining autosomal sequence.

scholarly journals Evolutionary analysis of chromosome end extension

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haojing Shao ◽  
Chenxi Zhou ◽  
Minh Duc Cao ◽  
Lachlan J.M Coin
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Telomeric Sequence ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Interstitial Telomeric Sequence ◽  
Snp Data ◽  
Telomere Sequence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subtelomeric Regions

There are substantial subtelomeric interstitial telomeric sequence (ITS) in the human genome, however the origin of these sequences is not well understood. We investigate the possibility that these ITS have arisen via a process of chromosome end extension to the telomere sequence. By analysing the relationship between subtelomeric duplication and ITS, we identify multiple ITS which were the ancestral chromosome telomeric capping sequence. Comparison of chromosome terminal sequence between 15 species reveals an ongoing evolutionary process of chromosome extension, with an average extension rate of 0.0020 bp per year per chromosome. Analysis of SNP data from 1000 genomes demonstrates reduced SNP diversity in subtelomeric regions, indicating that many terminal regions are younger than the remaining autosomal sequence.

Stabilizing species selection in the Archaeogastropoda

Paleobiology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman L. Gilinsky
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
General Process ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Innovative Concept

Factor analysis of morphometric data from fossil and recent Archaeogastropoda reveals that there has been a progressive reduction in the variety of archaeogastropod shell shapes through time. High and low spired genera have slowly disappeared while equidimensional forms, which have always been the most common, have become even more abundant. The taxonomic manifestation of this trend has long been appreciated and involves: 1) the extinction of most of the Pleurotomariacea, the Euomphalacea, Trochonematacea, and several other superfamilies, which collectively comprise most of the variation in shape among early archaeogastropods, and 2) the proliferation of the primarily equidimensional Trochacea and Neritacea. I suggest that this macroevolutionary trend may be explained by the general process I refer to as “stabilizing species selection.” More specifically, I suggest that the mechanism of stabilizing species selection in the case presented here may have been differential rates of origination.I believe that the innovative concept of species selection has been burdened by the adherence of its advocates to the idea that differential extinction is its primary mechanism. This preference for differential extinction is rooted in our emphasis upon differential mortality in microevolution and is not based upon data of macroevolutionary change. I argue that differential origination may be as important as differential extinction in directing macroevolutionary change and that demographical and autecological properties of species may be its agents. Recognition of the importance of differential origination will have an important impact upon our concept of the relationship between adaptation and the evolutionary process.

scholarly journals An evolutionary process without variation and selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (180) ◽  
pp. 20210334
Author(s):  
Liane Gabora ◽  
Mike Steel
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Adaptive Change ◽  
Assembly Code ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Variation And Selection

Natural selection successfully explains how organisms accumulate adaptive change despite that traits acquired over a lifetime are eliminated at the end of each generation. However, in some domains that exhibit cumulative, adaptive change—e.g. cultural evolution, and earliest life—acquired traits are retained; these domains do not face the problem that Darwin’s theory was designed to solve. Lack of transmission of acquired traits occurs when germ cells are protected from environmental change, due to a self-assembly code used in two distinct ways: (i) actively interpreted during development to generate a soma, and (ii) passively copied without interpretation during reproduction to generate germ cells. Early life and cultural evolution appear not to involve a self-assembly code used in these two ways. We suggest that cumulative, adaptive change in these domains is due to a lower-fidelity evolutionary process, and model it using reflexively autocatalytic and foodset-generated networks. We refer to this more primitive evolutionary process as self–other reorganization (SOR) because it involves internal self-organizing and self-maintaining processes within entities, as well as interaction between entities. SOR encompasses learning but in general operates across groups. We discuss the relationship between SOR and Lamarckism, and illustrate a special case of SOR without variation.

scholarly journals Memahami Sensionalisme dalam Berita Televisi: Perspektif Evolusi Biologi

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gentur Agustinus Naru
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Time Difference ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Although there have been many studies regarding sensationalism on television, there have not been enough studies to explain why sensational news always attracts viewers' attention regardless of space or time difference. Encouraged by this background, this research tries to answer the question, "What makes sensational news interesting to television viewers?" Inspired by a biological evolutionary perspective, this article formulates a hypothesis that reads, "Sensationalism can draw the attention of the audience because sensational news arouses the most basic instincts of humans, namely the mode of survival (Gurven, 2017)". In this view, the model has become inherent in humans as a result of the evolutionary process. In other words, this hypothesis also believes that audience interest in sensational news is universal rather than contextual.   This article explores a variety of literature in biology, psychology, and communication to try to answer that hypothesis. In order to that, this article is divided into three main sections. We will first explore the history of sensational journalism on television to show the historicity of sensational topics and techniques on television. Second, we will demonstrate the philosophical roots of an evolutionary biology view that explains the relationship between information stimuli and the workings of the human brain and the basic instincts we have carried since evolution thousands of years ago. Finally, we will show studies that prove empirically how news patterns (both sensational topics and production formats) impact viewing interest.

scholarly journals When, why and how clonal diversity predicts future tumour growth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Noble ◽  
John T Burley ◽  
Cécile Le Sueur ◽  
Michael E Hochberg
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Tumour Growth ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Intratumour Heterogeneity ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tumour Growth Rate

AbstractIntratumour heterogeneity holds promise as a prognostic biomarker in multiple cancer types. However, the relationship between this marker and its clinical impact is mediated by an evolutionary process that is not well understood. Here we employ a spatial computational model of tumour evolution to assess when, why and how intratumour heterogeneity can be used to forecast tumour growth rate, an important predictor of clinical progression. We identify three conditions that can lead to a positive correlation between clonal diversity and subsequent growth rate: diversity is measured early in tumour development; selective sweeps are rare; and/or tumours vary in the rate at which they acquire driver mutations. Opposite conditions typically lead to negative correlation. Our results further suggest that prognosis can be better predicted on the basis of both clonal diversity and genomic instability than either factor alone. Nevertheless, we find that, for predicting tumour growth, clonal diversity is likely to perform worse than conventional measures of tumour stage and grade. We thus offer explanations – grounded in evolutionary theory – for empirical findings in various cancers. Our work informs the search for new prognostic biomarkers and contributes to the development of predictive oncology.

scholarly journals Co-Evolutionary Prospects in Tourism

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Valeri ◽  
Leslie Fadlon
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to verify whether the nature of the relationship between a tourist destination and tourist enterprises operating within its territory, can be defined as co-evolutionary. This paper derives from the continuation of previous researches of ours about the topic of destination management and destination governance. The theoretical background of this paper is based on the following research question: within the framework of the international tourist scenario, are there tourist hospitality models designed as a prototype of co-evolution between the tourist destination and its territory? In this paper, the analysis perspective which is considered the most appropriate to qualify the nature of the relationship among a given tourist destination and its tourist enterprises is the co-evolutionary perspective. According to such perspective, tourist enterprises co-evolve together with tourist destinations, while looking for long-term competitive advantages: tourist enterprises are considered critical resources to the development of the territory and vice versa. The co-evolutionary process implies the identification of a governance body able to exploit and enhance the systemic resources made available by the territory and to inspire the management approach of the different tourist enterprises. The absence of specific case studies represents a limit of the present paper. Hence, with a view to a subsequent future research, we will continue the proposed analysis by enriching it with empirical evidence, which will be useful to foster the debate on the subject matter and for the related entrepreneurial and management implications.

Co-Evolution of Technology and Institutions in Emerging Industries: Case from Electric Vehicles in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-31
Author(s):  
Jigang Sui ◽  
Ying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Institutional Innovation ◽  
Emerging Industries ◽  
Evolution Of Technology ◽  
The Relationship

Technology and institutions are important driving forces for industrial development, but the relationship between them has not yet reached a consensus due to different economic theories. On the basis of the evolutionary theory, this paper aims to study the roles co-evolution of technology and institutions played in the development of emerging industry. Taking electric vehicles in China as a case study and the five-year plans for the nodes of industrial development, this paper analyzes the co-evolutionary process of technology and institutions at different stages of industrial development, and concludes that it was institutions that promoted technology innovation during the industrial incubation and infancy periods, while during the growth period, it was technology that drove institutions’ innovation. In order to promote the development of electric vehicle industry, it is necessary to further strengthen institutional innovation for technological and industrial development.

scholarly journals An evolutionary analysis of the relationship between spite and altruism

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1507-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LEHMANN ◽  
K. BARGUM ◽  
M. REUTER
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
The Relationship
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