scholarly journals Agronomic and physiological responses of tomato plants grown in different soilless systems to saline conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbert Michael Rodriguez-Ortega ◽  
Vicente Martinez ◽  
Manuel Nieves ◽  
Jose Maria Camara-Zapata ◽  
Francisco Garcia-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique

Background. The tomato is the most important horticultural crop in the world, regarding area of cultivation and yield. The main production areas have arid and semi-arid climates, with scarce rainfall, which forces the use of saline water for irrigation - leading to a decrease in the agronomic yield of the crop. Currently, many soilless cultivation systems are considered for tomato production, although the behavior of the plants when saline water is used for irrigation is not known in detail. Methods. In this work we study the agronomic and physiological responses of the tomato variety ‘Óptima’, using different soilless crop systems (perlite substrate, hydroponics, and the nutrient film technique) and several levels of salinity in the irrigation water. The yield, quality parameters, vegetative growth, mineral composition, water relations, and gas exchange parameters were measured. Results and conclusions. Salinity caused changes in the water status of the plants, toxicity due to Cl- and Na+, and nutritional imbalances that altered the physiology of the plants, thereby reducing yield, although the fruit quality was improved. Regarding the crop system, hydroponics gave a higher marketable yield, both with and without salinity, with a consumption of nutrient solution intermediate between that of the nutrient film and perlite. Salinity reduced yield similarly in all systems. Plants cultivated with the nutrient film technique had the highest concentrations of Cl- and Na+ and the highest Na+/K+ ratio. The concentrations of Cl- and Na+ in the plants were not related directly to the yield loss. Therefore, the combined influence of the toxicity, osmotic effect, and nutritional imbalance seems to have been responsible for the yield loss.

scholarly journals Agronomic and physiological responses of tomato plants grown in different soilless systems to saline conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbert Michael Rodriguez-Ortega ◽  
Vicente Martinez ◽  
Manuel Nieves ◽  
Jose Maria Camara-Zapata ◽  
Francisco Garcia-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique

Background. The tomato is the most important horticultural crop in the world, regarding area of cultivation and yield. The main production areas have arid and semi-arid climates, with scarce rainfall, which forces the use of saline water for irrigation - leading to a decrease in the agronomic yield of the crop. Currently, many soilless cultivation systems are considered for tomato production, although the behavior of the plants when saline water is used for irrigation is not known in detail. Methods. In this work we study the agronomic and physiological responses of the tomato variety ‘Óptima’, using different soilless crop systems (perlite substrate, hydroponics, and the nutrient film technique) and several levels of salinity in the irrigation water. The yield, quality parameters, vegetative growth, mineral composition, water relations, and gas exchange parameters were measured. Results and conclusions. Salinity caused changes in the water status of the plants, toxicity due to Cl- and Na+, and nutritional imbalances that altered the physiology of the plants, thereby reducing yield, although the fruit quality was improved. Regarding the crop system, hydroponics gave a higher marketable yield, both with and without salinity, with a consumption of nutrient solution intermediate between that of the nutrient film and perlite. Salinity reduced yield similarly in all systems. Plants cultivated with the nutrient film technique had the highest concentrations of Cl- and Na+ and the highest Na+/K+ ratio. The concentrations of Cl- and Na+ in the plants were not related directly to the yield loss. Therefore, the combined influence of the toxicity, osmotic effect, and nutritional imbalance seems to have been responsible for the yield loss.

Growth, photosynthesis and productivity of greenhouse tomato cultivated in open or closed rockwool systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Hao ◽  
A. P. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Environmentally Sound

Two full spring season tomato crops (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. “Trust”) were grown in an open rockwool system with standard rockwool feeding formulae (O-R; conventional method), and in closed rockwool systems with standard rockwool (C-R) or Nutrient Film Technique (C-NFT) feeding formulae (modified in 1997) in 1996 and 1997 to examine the feasibility of a fully closed rockwool production system with appropriate feeding formulae. The closed rockwool system with optimized feeding formulae achieved high marketable yield, similar to that of the open rockwool system. There were no differences in early plant growth, plant biomass or biomass partitioning, and in total fruit yield, size and grades except for the closed rockwool system with the standard rockwool feeding formulae (C-R), which had lower yield than C-NFT in the last month of harvest in 1996. The photosynthesis of old foliage was higher and the root systems at the end of the experiments were rated healthier in plants grown in the closed (C-R and C-NFT) systems than in plants grown in the open (O-R) system. Over 30% of water and fertilizer was saved with the closed systems in comparison to the conventional open system. These results demonstrated that closed rockwool systems with optimized nutrient feedings are economically and environmentally sound alternative methods for greenhouse tomato production in Ontario. Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, tomato, yield, recycling, rockwool, greenhouse

Nitrogen mitigates effect of salinity on plant water relations and photosynthesis in indian mustard ( Brassica juncea )

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-476
Author(s):  
N. Nathawat ◽  
M. Kuhad ◽  
A. Patel ◽  
R. Kumar ◽  
C. Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Osmotic Effect

The interaction between salinity (8 and 12 dS m −1 ) and three levels (40, 80 and 120 kg ha −1 ) of different forms of nitrogen (NO 3− , NH 4+ and NO 3− + NH 4+ ) were studied in Brassica juncea cv. RH-30. The plants were salinized with 8 and 12 dS m −1 at 35 and 55 days after sowing. The relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψ w ) and osmotic potential (Ψ s ) exhibited a marked decline under salinity stress. The application of the combined form (NO 3− + NH 4+ ) of nitrogen (120 kg ha −1 ) considerably improved the water status and mitigated the adverse effect of salinity on growth. The salinity-induced osmotic effect led to stomatal closure and caused a substantial reduction in net photosynthetic rate (P N ), stomatal conductance (g s ) and transpiration rate (E) at the pre-flowering and flowering stages (45 and 65 DAS). Salinity effects were considerably moderated by additional nitrogen supply, which varied with the source of nitrogen, the level of salinity/fertilizer and the stage of plant growth. The inhibition in photosynthesis was relatively greater in ammonium-fed (NH 4+ ) than in nitrate-fed (NO 3− ) plants, while the transpiration rate was relatively lower in nitrate-fed plants grown either with or without saline water irrigation. The nitrate form of nitrogen @ 120 kg ha −1 proved best in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity on photosynthesis and transpiration at both the growth stages.

Limitations of the K:N ratio in the nutrient feed of drip-irrigated greenhouse tomatoes as a crop-management tool

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
Athanasios P. Papadopoulos ◽  
Shalin Khosla
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes ◽  
Nutrient Feed

Greenhouse tomato cultivars were grown over three spring (1987, 1988 and 1989) and two fall (1987 and 1988) seasons in soil to assess the yield and fruit-quality effects of the potassium (K):nitrogen (N) concentration ratio in the fertigation solution. In the spring, the K:N ratio was varied over the first 11 wk following planting to provide a high, medium or low K:N ratio in the fertigation solution. The K:N ratio in the fertigation solution varied from 14:1 (week 1) to 2:1 (week 11) or from 8:1 (week 1) to 2:1 (week 11) or remained steady at 2:1 (weeks 1–11) for the high-, medium- and low-K:N treatments, respectively. In the fall the K:N ratio varied from 3:1 (week 3) to 9:1 (week 10), or from 2.3:1 (week 3) to 6:1 (week 10), or from 1.5:1 (week 3) to 3:1 (week 10) for the high-, medium- and low-K:N treatments, respectively. The marketable yields harvested averaged around 7.5 kg plant−1 in the spring and 2.5 kg plant−1 in the fall. The K:N ratio in the fertigation solution had no significant effect on early, or final, total or marketable yield. Similarly, there were no significant effects on fruit quality. It was concluded that provided a recommended overall osmotic effect (measured as electrical conductivity) of the nutrient solution is maintained, fertilizers can be selected and used on the basis of cost, or other important criteria, without concern for yield loss due to undesirable K:N ratio effect. Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, marketable yield

scholarly journals Effects of Controlling pH with Hydrochloric Acid on the Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Greenhouse Tomato Grown by Nutrient Film Technique

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
A.P. Papadopoulos ◽  
S. Pararajasingham
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique

In growing greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) using the nutrient film technique (NFT), HNO3 or H3PO4 is usually added to offset the increase in pH of the recirculating solution. For economic and environmental reasons, HCl would be a possible substitute for either HNO3 or H3PO4. Therefore, experiments were initiated to evaluate HCl as an alternative acid in controlling the pH of the recirculating solution in NFT-grown greenhouse tomato. The effects of HNO3, H3PO4, and HCl on the growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality were quantified. In 1995, these effects were tested using `Trust' and `BST 7804' at a recirculating solution pH of 5.5, 6.0, or 6.5; in 1996, only `Trust' was grown at a recirculating solution pH of 6.2. In the 1995 experiment, genotypic differences in marketable fruit yield tended to be smaller when HCl was used to control the recirculating solution pH at 6.0 than when either H3PO4 or HNO3 was used. In `Trust', at a pH of 5.5 under the HCl treatment, fruit quality tended to be higher than in other treatment combinations. In 1996, over a 45-day period, the concentration of Cl− that accumulated in the recirculating solution from added HCl was 313 mg·L−1 (313 ppm). There were no significant effects of the treatments on the growth, fruit quality, or yield of the crop. The total marketable yield was better when HCl had been used, likely due to high fruit production at the early part of the harvesting period. Potential savings for the season can be achieved if HCl is substituted for H3PO4 to regulate the nutrient solution pH in NFT-based greenhouse tomato production.

scholarly journals Pre-harvest field application of enhanced freshness formulation reduces yield loss in orange

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaspa Samwel ◽  
Theodosy Msogoya ◽  
Abdul Kudra ◽  
Hosea Dunstan Mtui ◽  
Anna Baltazari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Abstract Background Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) production in Tanzania is constrained by several pre-harvest factors that include pests. Hexanal, sprayed as Enhanced Freshness Formulation (EFF) is a relatively new technology that has been reported to reduce pre-harvest loss in fruits. However, the effects of hexanal on pre-harvest yield loss of orange are not known. We studied the effects of hexanal as EFF on yield losses of three sweet orange cultivars namely, Early Valencia, Jaffa, and Late Valencia. Factorial experiments tested the effects of EFF concentration, variety, and time of EFF application on number of dropped fruit, percentage of non-marketable fruit and incidence of pest damage. Results Results showed significant negative correlation (p < 0.001) between EFF and the percentage of dropped fruit, non-marketable yield, and incidence of pest damage. An increase in hexanal concentration by 1%, is expected to reduce number of dropped fruit by 50, percentage of non-marketable by 35.6, and incidences of pest damage by 36.5% keeping other factors constant. Results also show significant association (p < 0.001) between time of hexanal application and non-marketable yield. Percentage of dropped fruit is expected to increase by 1 for each day away from harvest, keeping other factors constant. Conclusion Pre-harvest application of hexanal as EFF can significantly reduce number of dropped fruits, percentage of non-marketable fruit and incidence of pest damage.

scholarly journals Effect of Compost Amendments on Disease Severity and Yield of Tomato in Conventional and Organic Production Systems

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Abbasi ◽  
J. Al-Dahmani ◽  
F. Sahin ◽  
H. A. J. Hoitink ◽  
S. A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Compost Amendments

Field trials were conducted over 2 years to assess the effects of compost amendments on disease development in organic and conventional processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) production systems. The incidence of anthracnose fruit rot was reduced in organic tomato plots amended with a high rate of composted cannery wastes compared with the incidence in nonamended control plots in 1998 when disease incidence was high. Marketable yield was increased by 33% in compost-amended organic plots. Plots amended with a high compost rate had more ripe fruit than the nonamended control. The incidence of anthracnose and of total disease on fruit was less on the cultivar OH 8245 than on Peto 696. Total fruit yield of OH 8245 but not Peto 696 in organic plots was increased by amendment with composted cannery wastes. In conventional tomato production, composted yard wastes increased disease severity on foliage both years but reduced bacterial spot incidence on fruit in 1997, when disease pressure was high. The incidence of anthracnose was not affected by composted yard wastes. Marketable and total fruit yields of Peto 696 were not increased in compost-amended conventional plots. The plant activator Actigard reduced foliar disease severity and the incidence of bacterial spot and anthracnose on fruit, while increasing yield of marketable fruit.

scholarly journals Physiological Responses under Drought Stress of Improved Drought-Tolerant Rice Lines and their Parents

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 679-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeyanuch LARKUNTHOD ◽  
Noppawan NOUNJAN ◽  
Jonaliza L SIANGLIW ◽  
Theerayut TOOJINDA ◽  
Jirawat SANITCHON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
High Water ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Many of the economically important rice cultivars including ‘Khao Dawk Mali 105’ (KDML105) or jasmine rice, one of the world’s famous rice exported from Thailand suffers from drought due to erratic rainfalls and limited irrigation. To improve drought tolerance and reserve genetic background of KDML105, chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSL) containing drought tolerant quantitative trait loci (DT-QTL) has been previously developed by backcrossing between KDML105 and drought tolerant donor, IR58586-F2-CA-143 (DH212). To understand the physiological responses related to drought tolerance in CSSL lines compared to parents, two CSSLs namely CSSL1-16 and CSSL1-18, respectively were used in this study. Twenty-one-d-old hydroponically grown plants were subjected to 20% PEG for 0, 7, 14 d and then recovered from stress for 3 d. The results indicated that CSSL lines especially, CSSL1-16 showed better performance under drought stress compared to their recurrent parent. Drought tolerance superior CSSL1-16 line was indicated by high water status (high relative water content and leaf water potential), good osmotic adjustment, high proline and greater membrane stability. Moreover, this line was able to resume growth after stress recovery whereas other lines/cultivar could not recover. Similarly, drought tolerant donor showed high water status suggesting that well-maintained plant water status was associated with drought tolerant trait. It could be concluded that the highest drought tolerant line was CSSL1-16 followed by DH212, CSSL1-18 and KDML105. It would be interesting to go further into introgressed section in CSSL1-16 to identify potential candidate genes in DT-QTL for breeding drought tolerant rice in the future.

Critical Period of Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) Removal in Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baziramakenga ◽  
Gilles D. Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Loss Level

Field trials were carried out in 1989 and 1990 at St-Augustin, near Québec City, Canada, to determine the critical periods of quackgrass control in potato submitted to three levels of infestation. Potato yield losses due to quackgrass interference increased with quackgrass infestation and length of duration of interference. Quackgrass interference influenced marketable tuber yields more than total tuber yields. Duration of the critical period varied depending on the level of quackgrass infestation and year. Based on an arbitrary 5% level of marketable yield loss, the critical period started at ca. 15 days after emergence (DAE) of potato at low level of infestation, and at ca. 3 DAE at medium level of infestation. At high level of infestation, the critical period began prior to the emergence of potato. The end of the critical period of quackgrass removal was extremely variable across quackgrass infestation level and year and ranged from 23 to 68 DAE of potato at a 5 % yield loss level. It appears that onset of interference varied less than the end of it, indicating that early quackgrass control is necessary to prevent yield loss.

scholarly journals Productive and Physiological Response of Organic Potato Grown under Highly Calcareous Soils to Fertilization and Mycorrhization Management

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1200
Author(s):  
Sara Lombardo ◽  
Cristina Abbate ◽  
Gaetano Pandino ◽  
Bruno Parisi ◽  
Aurelio Scavo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Potato Growth

The enhancement of the actual low yields is the most important challenge regarding organic farming management. In this view, a valid tool may arise by the improvement of fertilization management and efficiency. In this regard, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can play an important role, especially in low fertility soils such as calcareous ones, through a better nutrient uptake and by alleviating abiotic stresses. A replicated-space experiment was carried out to investigate the role of mycorrhizal-based inoculants combined with full or halved fertilizer doses on yield and physiological traits of three early potato cultivars organically grown in highly calcareous and alkaline soils. The results indicate that AMF symbiosis ameliorated, in comparison to the not-inoculated plants, the potato tolerance to limestone stress by enhancing the potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/F0) and plant gas-exchange parameters (photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance). Moreover, a significant improvement of marketable yield (+25%) was observed, mainly due to an increase of the number of tubers plant−1 (+21%) and, to a lesser extent, of average tuber weight (+10%). The AMF efficiency was higher applying halved fertilizer doses and in the location where soil conditions were unfavourable for potato growth. Moreover, the qRT-PCR highlighted that AMF colonization was similar in each location, demonstrating their tolerance to limestone, alkalinity and P stresses. These findings outlined that AMF are good candidate to bio-ameliorate calcareous soils and are very useful for improving potato yields under organic farming, limiting external fertilizers supply and environmental pollution.

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