scholarly journals The “Rosetta Stone” for deciphering the anatomy of the stem turtle Condorchelys antiqua (Early-Middle Jurassic; Chubut, Argentina)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Sterli ◽  
Marcelo de la Fuente ◽  
Guillermo Rougier
Keyword(s):  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Postcranial Remains

Background. Condorchelys antiqua is a stem turtle previously described from the Queso Rallado Locality, Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Early-Middle Jurassic), Chubut, Argentina. In 2014 a skull (MPEF-PV 10900) and an articulated shell with associated postcranial remains (MPEF-PV 10884) of C. antiqua were discovered in the mentioned locality. Methods. The new specimens have been prepared by L. Reiner (technician at the Museo Egidio Feruglio) and then studied using the regular paleontological methodology (e.g., direct observations and under the microscope, photography, and drawings). The new data provided by these two specimens, plus some other isolated remains that were re-prepared, allowed us to score a 25% more of the characters of C. antiqua in the most complete up to date matrix for Mesozoic turtles. The matrix was build in Mesquite and analyzed under maximum parsimony in TNT. We performed two rounds of Tree Bisection Reconnection and calculated a strict consensus. Branch supports were provided using bootstrap, jackknife, and Bremer support. Results. We regard the specimen MPEF-PV 10900 as represented by the basicranium and some previously unknown skull bones like the maxilla, frontal, parietal, and postorbital. This specimen also shows that there were no teeth in the pterygoid of C. antiqua. On the other hand, specimen MPEF-PV 10884 is an almost complete carapace and plastron with 4 thoracic vertebrae and ribs, scapular and pelvic girdles, humerus, left radius, femur, tibia, fibula, 2 metatarsal/carpals, 2 phalanges, 1 ungual phalanx and 1 chevron bone. The preliminary cladistic analysis resulted in 750 most parsimonious trees of 893 steps. The result of the analysis corroborates the position of C. antiqua as a stem turtle more derived than the Triassic and Australochelys africanus. Condorchelys antiqua is recovered in a polytomy together with other early-middle Jurassic turtles (e.g., Kayentachelys aprix and Indochelys spatulata) and the clade formed by the remaining turtles. Discussion. Although many new characters have been scored for C. antiqua in the phylogenetic analysis, this new information did not resolved the phylogenetic position for this taxon. We consider that more information about I. spatulata and K. aprix could help to better understand the relationships among these basal taxa. On the other hand, these new specimens of C. antiqua bring valuable information to decipher the anatomy of the poorly known non-shell postcranial elements of these Early to Middle Jurassic stem turtles. In light of the recently suggested aquatic preferences of C. antiqua, the next step on this research would be to explore other adaptations to the aquatic environment using postcranial elements, particularly the limb bones.

scholarly journals The “Rosetta Stone” for deciphering the anatomy of the stem turtle Condorchelys antiqua (Early-Middle Jurassic; Chubut, Argentina)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Sterli ◽  
Marcelo de la Fuente ◽  
Guillermo Rougier
Keyword(s):  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Postcranial Remains

Background. Condorchelys antiqua is a stem turtle previously described from the Queso Rallado Locality, Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Early-Middle Jurassic), Chubut, Argentina. In 2014 a skull (MPEF-PV 10900) and an articulated shell with associated postcranial remains (MPEF-PV 10884) of C. antiqua were discovered in the mentioned locality. Methods. The new specimens have been prepared by L. Reiner (technician at the Museo Egidio Feruglio) and then studied using the regular paleontological methodology (e.g., direct observations and under the microscope, photography, and drawings). The new data provided by these two specimens, plus some other isolated remains that were re-prepared, allowed us to score a 25% more of the characters of C. antiqua in the most complete up to date matrix for Mesozoic turtles. The matrix was build in Mesquite and analyzed under maximum parsimony in TNT. We performed two rounds of Tree Bisection Reconnection and calculated a strict consensus. Branch supports were provided using bootstrap, jackknife, and Bremer support. Results. We regard the specimen MPEF-PV 10900 as represented by the basicranium and some previously unknown skull bones like the maxilla, frontal, parietal, and postorbital. This specimen also shows that there were no teeth in the pterygoid of C. antiqua. On the other hand, specimen MPEF-PV 10884 is an almost complete carapace and plastron with 4 thoracic vertebrae and ribs, scapular and pelvic girdles, humerus, left radius, femur, tibia, fibula, 2 metatarsal/carpals, 2 phalanges, 1 ungual phalanx and 1 chevron bone. The preliminary cladistic analysis resulted in 750 most parsimonious trees of 893 steps. The result of the analysis corroborates the position of C. antiqua as a stem turtle more derived than the Triassic and Australochelys africanus. Condorchelys antiqua is recovered in a polytomy together with other early-middle Jurassic turtles (e.g., Kayentachelys aprix and Indochelys spatulata) and the clade formed by the remaining turtles. Discussion. Although many new characters have been scored for C. antiqua in the phylogenetic analysis, this new information did not resolved the phylogenetic position for this taxon. We consider that more information about I. spatulata and K. aprix could help to better understand the relationships among these basal taxa. On the other hand, these new specimens of C. antiqua bring valuable information to decipher the anatomy of the poorly known non-shell postcranial elements of these Early to Middle Jurassic stem turtles. In light of the recently suggested aquatic preferences of C. antiqua, the next step on this research would be to explore other adaptations to the aquatic environment using postcranial elements, particularly the limb bones.

Resolving the Lourinia armata (Claus, 1866) complex with remarks on the monophyletic status of Louriniidae, Monard 1927 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5051 (1) ◽  
pp. 346-386
Author(s):  
SÜPHAN KARAYTUĞ ◽  
SERDAR SAK ◽  
ALP ALPER ◽  
SERDAR SÖNMEZ
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Nicobar Island ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Almost All

An attempt was made to test if Lourinia armata (Claus, 1866)—as it is currently diagnosed—represents a species complex. Detailed examination and comparisons of several specimens collected from different localities suggest that L. armata indeed represents a complex of four closely related morphospecies that can be differentiated from one another by only detailed observations. One of the four species is identified as Lourinia aff. armata and the other three species are described as new to science and named as Lourinia wellsi sp. nov., L. gocmeni sp. nov., and L. aldabraensis sp. nov. Detailed review of previous species records indicates that the genus Lourinia Wilson, 1924 is distributed worldwide. Ceyloniella nicobarica Sewell, 1940, originally described from Nicobar Island and previously considered a junior subjective synonym of L. armata is reinstated as Lourinia nicobarica (Sewell, 1940) comb. nov. on the basis of the unique paddle-shaped caudal ramus seta V. It is postulated that almost all of these records are unreliable in terms of representing true Lourinia aff. armata described herein. On the other hand, the comparative evaluation of the illustrations and descriptions in the published literature indicates the presence of several new species waiting to be discovered in the genus Lourinia.                 It has been determined that, according to updated modern keys, the recent inclusion of the monotypic genus Archeolourinia Corgosinho & Schizas, 2013 in the Louriniidae is not justified since Archeolourinia shermani Corgosinho & Schizas, 2013 does not belong to this family but should be assigned to the Canthocamptidae. On the other hand, it has been argued that the exact phylogenetic position of the Louriniidae still remains problematic since none of the diagnostic characters supports the monophyly of the family within the Oligoarthra. It has also been argued that the close relationship between Louriniidae and Canthocamptidae is supported since both families share the homologous sexual dimorphism (apophysis) on P3 endopod. The most important characteristic that can possibly be used to define Louriniidae is the reduction of maxilliped.  

High-precision abundances of elements in stars with asteroseismic ages

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S334) ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
P. E. Nissen ◽  
V. Silva Aguirre ◽  
J. Christensen-Dalsgaard ◽  
R. Collet ◽  
F. Grundahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Galactic Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Sequence Stars ◽  
Refractory Elements ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Information ◽  
Oscillation Frequencies

AbstractHigh-precision abundances of elements have been derived from HARPS-N spectra of F and G main-sequence stars having ages determined from oscillation frequencies delivered by the Kepler mission. The tight relations between abundance ratios of refractory elements, e.g., [Mg/Fe] and [Y/Mg], and stellar age previously found for solar twin stars are confirmed. These relations provide new information on nucleosynthesis and Galactic evolution. Abundance ratios between volatile and refractory elements, e.g., [C/Fe] and [O/Fe], show on the other hand a significant scatter at a given age, which may be related to planet-star interactions. This is a potential problem for chemical tagging studies.

Analysis of Torsional Stick-Slip Situations from Recorded Downhole Rotational Speed Measurements

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Eric Cayeux ◽  
Adrian Ambrus ◽  
Lars Øy ◽  
Arvid Helleland ◽  
Svein Brundtland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Rotational Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Torsional Oscillations ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
New Information ◽  
Weight On Bit ◽  
Downhole Measurements

Summary The use of recorded downhole rotational speed measurements with a bandwidth up to 9 Hz gives new insights into the conditions under which stick-slip torsional oscillations occur. Observations made while drilling two reservoir sections have shown that, out of all the stick-slip situations identified, 72% of them for one well and 64% for the other well occurred in off-bottom conditions. In these off-bottom conditions, stick-slip was systematically observed while starting the topdrive (TD) until a sufficiently high TD rotational velocity was requested. For these two sections, off-bottomstick-slip was either related to using TD speeds below 120 rev/min or to reaming down during reciprocation procedures. In on-bottom conditions, stick-slip events occurred predominantly when the TD speed was less than 120 rev/min (53 and 32% of the on-bottom cases) but also in association with downlinking to the rotary steerable system (RSS) (23 and 46% of the on-bottom cases), and this, even though the TD speed was larger than 120 rev/min. These on-bottomstick-slip situations did not necessarily occur at a very high weight on bit (WOB) because 98% of them for one well and 46% for the other well took place when the WOB was lower than 10 ton. Downhole measurements have shown that when the drillstring is subject to strong stick-slip conditions, the downhole rotational speed changes from stationary to more than 300 rev/min in just a fraction of a second. Direct observations of downhole rotational speed at high frequency help in discovering conditions that were not suspected to lead to large torsional oscillations. This new information can be used to improve drilling operational procedures and models of the drilling process, therefore enabling increased drilling efficiency.

Jewish and Roman Law: A Study in Interaction

2020 ◽  
pp. 379-393
Author(s):  
Haym Soloveitchik
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Jewish Literature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Information ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter discusses the laws regulating usury (ribbit). In the course of studying ribbit, more specifically, the problem of personal surety in usury contracts, certain peculiar developments in Provençal halakhic thought came to the author's attention which were not explainable by indigenous forces. The geographical distribution of the discussion seemed oddly disproportionate, the fictions too blatant, the types of problem that were raised seemed inappropriate for the period, and the terminology was occasionally alien. The author was compelled to look outside Jewish law for possible stimuli. Placing the Jewish developments within the context of twelfth-century Provençal law shed light on a number of seemingly inexplicable points. The Jewish literature, on the other hand, provided new information about the Gentile law of the time and yielded fresh corroboration for theories of the penetration of Roman law in Provence. However, at the same time this material seemed to point to an earlier date for certain legal developments than is generally accepted. It is these findings that the author wishes to bring to the attention of the scholars of Provençal law.

Adverbial clauses and V3

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (s3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Csipak
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
The Other ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Biscuit Conditionals

AbstractThis paper discusses word order effects in German adverbial clauses: often, the matrix clause can exhibit either V2 or V3 word order. I argue that adverbial clauses with V3 word order have an obligatory ‘biscuit’ interpretation and receive a speech act modifying interpretation, as has previously only been argued for ‘biscuit conditionals’. I show that this phenomenon holds more generally. On the other hand, a pragmatic analysis for V2 biscuit conditionals remains necessary.

New information on the eggshell of ratites (Aves) and its phylogenetic implications

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 962-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darla K Zelenitsky ◽  
Sean P Modesto
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
New Information ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
Skeletal Analysis ◽  
Large Living

A reappraisal of the eggshell of ratites clarifies aspects of its microstructure and ultrastructure. The phylogenetic usefulness of the eggshell data, consisting of discrete characters, is assessed using eggshell characters alone and by adding the eggshell characters to a data matrix from the literature based on skeletal characters. The resultant tree from the eggshell data alone yields Apteryx as the most basal ratite, dinornithids as the sister taxon of a clade of large living ratites, with Casuarius and Dromaius in a sister-group relationship. The combined eggshell and skeletal analysis revealed most groupings within Ratitae that were based on previous cladistic analysis of the skeletal characters alone, but also supports two equally parsimonious topologies: one identifies Dinornithidae and Apteryx as a clade at the base of Ratitae, and the other identifies Apteryx as the sister taxon of a clade consisting of all the other ratites. It is determined that the characteristics used to define the improperly named "ratite morphotype" in the current eggshell parataxonomy are not synapomorphies of the eggshell of Ratitae. An expanded cladistic analysis of the eggshells of avian and non-avian theropods is required to determine the phylogenetic usefulness of the characteristics of the ratite morphotype.

scholarly journals Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue of Grey Cast Iron for Cylinder Heads - Effect of Niobium, Molybdenum and Solidification Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 925 ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Skoglund ◽  
Jessica Elfsberg ◽  
Nulifer Ipek ◽  
Lucian Vasile Diaconu ◽  
Mari Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Solidification Time ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Static Properties ◽  
Mechanical Fatigue ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Grey Cast

Grey iron alloyed with molybdenum and niobium in seven different compositions has been casted using three, in industrial components viable, solidification times which resulted in 21 different samples. The samples have been investigated with respect to microstructure, static properties and thermo-mechanical fatigue performance. It was found that the solidification time is very important for both the static and thermo-mechanical performance. If the solidification time is long the properties are controlled entirely by the large graphite flakes and there is no influence of the alloying elements. On the other hand if the solidification time can be kept short the need for alloying elements may be removed. For the shorter solidification times an influence from the matrix and thus the alloying elements can be seen. It was found that molybdenum enhances TMF-life while no such effect was found for niobium. Niobium, on the other hand, has a larger effect on static strength than molybdenum and also on the cyclic stress in the thermo-mechanical fatigue experiments.

scholarly journals A supramolecular proposal of lignin structure and its relation with the wood properties

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heber S. Abreu ◽  
João V.F. Latorraca ◽  
Regina P.W. Pereira ◽  
Maria Beatriz O. Monteiro ◽  
Fábio A. Abreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Virtual Model ◽  
Structure Form ◽  
Wood Technology ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Science Discussion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Compound

In spite of the great importance of cellulose the lignin is considered the second most abundant substance of the wood. However, little attention has been given it, mainly to wood properties. The lignin as well as other structural compounds (cellulose and hemicelluloses), has obviously an important role on the wood properties, probably due its composition and existent bonds. In general lignins have β-O-4 (Alkyl Aril Ether) as majoritary bond. This bond in a continued structure form big molecules with spiral conformation as virtual model. Based on this idea, lignins that have high/low β-O-4 content may have differentiated spiraled structures,suggesting different behaviors on the wood properties,which shows that the lignins (Guaicyl:Syringyl (GS)) of angiosperms, for example, which have higher β-O-4 content would present higher spiral conformation than gymnosperms lignins(HG). On the other hand HG lignins have chance of being more anchored on the matrix compound than GS lignins. In this context, the β-O-4 bonds of lignins possibly affect the wood properties, therefore, it is considered relevant for wood technology science discussion.

Overcoming Blocks in Conceptual Design: The Effects of Open Goals and Analogical Similarity on Idea Generation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Tseng ◽  
Jarrod Moss ◽  
Jonathan Cagan ◽  
Kenneth Kotovsky
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Idea Generation ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Design Creativity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Information ◽  
Design Ideation

Designers have been known to seek analogical inspiration during design ideation. This paper presents an experiment that studies the types of analogies that most impact design creativity, as well as the time during problem solving when it is most effective to seek such analogical stimulation. This experiment showed that new information that was highly similar to the problem affected problem solving even if the information was given before problem solving began. On the other hand, new information that was distantly related to the problem only affected problem solving when it was presented during a break after problem solving had already begun. These results support the idea that open goals increase the likelihood that distantly related information become incorporated into problem solving. Functional principles found in the problem-relevant information given were also found to prime solutions in corresponding categories.

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