scholarly journals Catatan dari Managing Editor: Pengantar Vol. 19 (1) tentang kerja sama, dukungan sosial, dan altruisme

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Joevarian Hudiyana

“All the memories of your facesSeem like days of yoreAnd if the walls are closing inWe'll find a window deep within”(Lin & Sun, 2020) Lirik lagu di atas berasal dari lagu Stay With You, yang dinyanyikan J. J. Lin dan Stefanie Sun. Lagu ini menggambarkan situasi pandemi di mana kita semua menjaga jarak sosial dengan tembok-tembok yang memisahkan kita semua. Secara khusus, lagu ini dipersembahkan untuk tenaga kesehatan yang setiap hari berjuang di garda terdepan untuk melawan wabah COVID-19. Hampir satu tahun telah berlalu sejak kasus pertama virus corona diumumkan di Indonesia. Dalam waktu hampir satu tahun itu pula, kita menyaksikan berbagai dinamika sosial yang terjadi sebagai konsekuensi dari wabah yang melanda seluruh dunia itu. Wabah ini telah menunjukkan aspek-aspek terburuk manusia seperti diskriminasi terhadap pasien COVID-19 (Devakumar, Shannon, Bhopal, & Abubakar, 2020), skeptisisme terhadap sains (Brzezinski, Kecht, Van Dijcke, & Wright, 2020; Latkin, Dayton, Moran, Strickland, & Collins, 2021), teori konspirasi(Imhoff & Lamberty, 2020; Uscinski, dkk., 2020), ketidakpatuhan dalam menjalankan pembatasan sosial (Van Lissa dkk., 2020), dan ditambah lagi dengan respon buruk oleh para pemimpin negara di berbagai belahan dunia (Norrlöf, 2020). Meski demikian, situasi krisis ini juga memunculkan sisi terbaik yang dimiliki oleh manusia. Lagu yang dipersembahkan untuk tenaga kesehatan di awal tulisan ini menunjukkan betapa heroiknya mereka yang rela berkorban demi keselamatan kita semua. Di samping itu, tim peneliti psikologi sosial dari seluruh dunia juga bekerja sama untuk menyelidiki pola perilaku dari reaksi COVID-19 (lihat psycorona.org). Tim PsyCorona ini terdiri atas ratusan peneliti dari berbagai negara. Di Indonesia, PsyCorona diwakili oleh Dr. Mirra Noor Milla, Prof. Dr. Hamdi Muluk, dan saya sendiri (Universitas Indonesia) serta dr. Cokorda Bagus Jaya Lesmana, Sp.KJ (Universitas Udayana). Kerja sama ini melahirkan berbagai artikel yang sudah terbit dan sedang dalam proses penilaian di jurnal. Dari situ, bisa kita lihat bahwa krisis seperti pandemi COVID-19 ini juga memicu altruisme, perilaku menolong, dan perilaku bekerja sama. Situasi krisis memang telah didemonstrasikan secara empiris bisa memicu kerja sama dan perilaku bahu-membahu memberikan dukungan sosial (Cheng, Lam, & Leung, 2020; Hu &Zhou, 2020; Rodriguez, Trainor, & Quarantelli, 2006). Namun, bagaimanakah proses dan dinamika yang timbul agar bisa memunculkan altruisme? Riset terkait altruisme masih dibutuhkan dalam berbagai konteks, tak terkecuali di konteks Indonesia. Dalam Volume 19 edisi pertama di tahun 2021 ini, Jurnal Psikologi Sosial mempublikasikan delapan naskah empiris dengan tema kerja sama, dukungan sosial, dan altruisme. Naskah pertama ditulis oleh Nugroho, Sajuthi, Mansjoer, Iskandar, dan Darusman yang membahas bagaimana kerja sama bisa muncul pada spesies Macaca fascicularis atau monyet ekor panjang. Riset ini berkontribusi untuk memahami dalam konteks apa perilaku kooperatif dan kerja sama muncul pada primata. Pengetahuan ini membantu kita untuk memahami hasil perkembangan evolusi manusia dan primata-primata lainnya. Naskah kedua ditulis oleh Permatasari, Agustiani, dan Bachtiar. Mereka menunjukkan secara empiris bahwa anak prasekolah masih kesulitan untuk memahami emosi yang diekspresikan orang lain. Sehingga, empati dan altruism lebih sulit terjadi. Ini berbeda dengan asumsi dari teori sebelumnya tentang tahapan perkembangan anak. Sementara itu, naskah ketiga ditulis oleh Rhodes, Andiyasari, dan Riantoputra. Mereka menemukan bahwa peran pimpinan atau manajer penting untuk merangkul karyawan yang tidak berani bersuara karena nilai power distance. Pimpinan yang lebih terbuka dapat membantu karyawan-karyawan ini untuk lebih berani berpendapat atau menunjukkan voice behavior. Naskah keempat ditulis oleh Rozi dan Prasasti. Mereka menemukan bahwa resiliensi adalah produk dari kesabaran sebagai nilai kebajikan. Nilai kesabaran sebagai salah satu nilai kebajikan ditransimisikan secara intens dalam kebudayaan Indonesia dan dianggap sebagai nilai yang luhur. Nilai ini merupakan mekanisme adaptasi yang unik, dan menjadi simbol dari perilaku prososial di masyarakat (Lestari, 2016). Sementara itu naskah kelima ditulis oleh Firmansyah, Faturochman, dan Minza. Mereka menemukan bahwa rasa saling percaya antar teman bisa diprediksi oleh adanya dukungan sosial dan adanya resiprositas. Namun menariknya, kedekatan interpersonal bukan prediktor yang signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan dua prediktor lain. Ini berimplikasi pada pertanyaan tentang seberapa penting kelekatan interpersonal dalam hubungan pertemanan di Indonesia. Apakah penting? Ataukah lebih penting aspek dukungan sosial dan hubungan timbal balik yang ditunjukkan seorang teman? Naskah keenam oleh Pratiwi dan Afiatin menunjukkan bahwa peranan orang tua sangat penting dalam memprediksi kecanduan internet pada remaja. Ini karena mediasi oleh orangtua bisa menciptakan rasa keberhargaan diri pada remaja. Sementara itu naskah ketujuh merupakan riset yang ditulis oleh Luliyarti, Yahya, dan Ridha menggunakan teknik door in the face dan foot in the door untuk mencoba membuktikan intervensi seperti apa yang bisa meningkatkan perilaku prososial. Terakhir, naskah oleh Dienillah dan Chotidjah menemukan bahwa adanya dukungan sosial sangat penting untuk memoderasi apakah penerimaan diri mampu menciptakan rasa syukur pada penderita lupus. Kami selaku tim editor JPS berharap naskah-naskah yang dipublikasikan pada edisi ini bisa berdampak bagi perkembangan ilmu di Indonesia, khususnya terkait topik perilaku prososial dan perilaku kerja sama.

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 1529-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth E. Martin ◽  
Pentti Kemppainen ◽  
Yuji Masuda ◽  
Dongyuan Yao ◽  
Gregory M. Murray ◽  
...  

Although the cerebral cortex has been implicated in the control of swallowing, the output organization of the cortical swallowing representation, and features of cortically evoked swallowing, remain unclear. The present study defined the output features of the primate “cortical swallowing representation” with intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) applied within the lateral sensorimotor cortex. In four hemispheres of two awake monkeys, microelectrode penetrations were made at ≤1-mm intervals, initially within the face primary motor cortex (face-MI), and subsequently within the cortical regions immediately rostral, lateral, and caudal to MI. Two ICMS pulse trains [35-ms train, 0.2-ms pulses at 333 Hz, ≤30 μA (short train stimulus, T/S); 3- to 4-s train, 0.2-ms pulses at 50 Hz, ≤60 μA (continuous stimulus, C/S)] were applied at ≤500-μm intervals along each microelectrode penetration to a depth of 8–10 mm, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded simultaneously from various orofacial and laryngeal muscles. Evoked orofacial movements, including swallowing, were verified by EMG analysis, and T/S and C/S movement thresholds were determined. Effects of varying ICMS intensity on swallow-related EMG properties were examined by applying suprathreshold C/S at selected intracortical sites. EMG patterns of swallows evoked from various cortical regions were compared with those of natural swallows recorded as the monkeys swallowed liquid and solid material. Results indicated that swallowing was evoked by C/S at ∼20% of 1,569 intracortical sites where ICMS elicited an orofacial motor response in both hemispheres of the two monkeys, typically at C/S intensities ≤30 μA. In contrast, swallowing was not evoked by T/S in either monkey. Swallowing was evoked from four cortical regions: the ICMS-defined face-MI, the face primary somatosensory cortex (face-SI), the region lateral and anterior to face-MI corresponding to the cortical masticatory area (CMA), and an area >5 mm deep to the cortical surface corresponding to both the white matter underlying the CMA and the frontal operculum; EMG patterns of swallows elicited from these four cortical regions showed some statistically significant differences. Whereas swallowing only was evoked at some sites, particularly within the deep cortical area, swallowing was more frequently evoked together with other orofacial responses including rhythmic jaw movements. Increasing ICMS intensity increased the magnitude, and decreased the latency, of the swallow-related EMG burst in the genioglossus muscle at some sites. These findings suggest that a number of distinct cortical foci may participate in the initiation and modulation of the swallowing synergy as well as in integrating the swallow within the masticatory sequence.


2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umamaheswara Rao Jada ◽  
Susmita Mukhopadhyay

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare the direct and indirect effects of transformational, ethical and empowering leadership (EL) on promotive and prohibitive voice behavior. The study also explores the mediating effects of leader-member exchange (LMX) and moderating effects of individual power distance orientation (IPDO) in the hypothesized model. The research conducted attempts to identify the most suitable leadership style for encouraging promotive and prohibitive voice behavior in service sector organizations in India. Design/methodology/approach Purposive and snowball sampling was used for data collection. Necessary condition analysis (NCA) was conducted to identify the most suitable style for encouraging promotive and prohibitive voice behavior. The results NCA were later verified using the structural equation modeling technique. Findings Results of the study displayed the supremacy of EL style in promoting high-quality LMX and “promotive and prohibitive” voice over transformational and ethical leadership in Indian service organizations. Considering the overall results of the study, EL appears to be the most suitable style for encouraging promotive and prohibitive voice in a high power distance country like India. Research limitations/implications Self-reported measures utilized in the study might have affected the findings and hence, should be interpreted with caution. Practical implications Researchers propose the adoption of EL style for encouraging promotive and prohibitive voice in Indian service sector organizations. The researchers also highlight the noteworthy impact of LMX and IPDO on promotive and prohibitive voice behavior, which makes it a point for the leaders to work toward lowering IPDO amongst followers to promote both promotive and prohibitive voice behavior for the growth of an organization. Originality/value The study is the first one to conduct a comparative moderated mediated examination to analyze the effects of transformational, ethical and EL in encouraging promotive and prohibitive voice behavior in Indian organizations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Puji Gufron Rhodes ◽  
Andin Andiyasari ◽  
Corina D. Riantoputra

This study aims to investigate the moderating role of managerial openness in the relationbetween power distance orientation and voice behavior. We have successfully collected the datathrough online survey with a total of 102 employees in the Organization XYZ Jakarta. Ouranalysis revealed that power distance orientation is negatively related to voice behavior.However, managerial openness weakened the negative relation between power distanceorientation and voice behavior. Thus, managerial openness was a significant moderator of therelationship between power distance orientation and voice behavior. This result supports thesocial exchange theory which assumed that a person’s relationship with other people isdeveloped and evaluated based on the consequences of their behaviors and the efforts exertedin maintaining the relationships. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationshipbetween power distance orientation and managerial openness in constructing voice behavior.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2526
Author(s):  
Shiwen Luo ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
David Yoon Kin Tong

Individual innovation behavior is the driving force for enterprise sustainable development and can be affected by many factors, among which power distance is important. To explore the mediating mechanism and boundary conditions of power distance on individual innovation behavior, this paper constructed a moderated mediation model with task characteristics as the moderator and voice behavior as the mediator from the two-dimensional perspective of individual innovation behavior (innovative idea generation and implementation). Responses to 336 valid questionnaires from 133 technological innovation enterprises in China revealed that power distance has a negative effect on innovative idea generation, but a positive effect on innovative idea implementation. In this process, task characteristics only play a moderating effect in the relationship between power distance and innovative idea implementation, but fail to moderate the relationship between power distance and innovative idea generation. In addition, it was found that voice behavior mediates the relationship between power distance and individual innovation behavior. This study provides useful insight on the mechanism of organizational culture on individual innovation behavior, and suggests leaders take effective measures to improve the enterprise sustainable development ability.


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Masaki Matsunaga

The current research scrutinized how a leader’s communication and team value orientations interactively relate to employee engagement. The proposed model hypothesized that the impact of leadership on engagement would be mediated by followers’ trust toward a leader and this leadership-trust-engagement linkage would be moderated by team power distance and collectivism; in addition, employee voice behavior was examined as a behavioral manifestation of engagement. The results of multilevel structural equation modeling analyses with the data collected at a large electronics company in Japan (n = 638 members and 68 team leaders) revealed that transformational leadership was positively associated with employee trust and engagement when team power distance and collectivism were high, but not when those team values were low. Transactional leadership had negative effects on trust and engagement, regardless of team values. Finally, engagement was strongly positively associated with employee voice behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.


Author(s):  
Chenyin Sun ◽  
Hui Jin ◽  
Hu Xu

The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of employee’s voice behavior from the perspective of “leader-employee” power distance orientation. The study found that: (1) employee’s power distance orientation significantly negatively affects employee’s psychological security and employee’s voice behavior; (2) employee’s psychological security significantly positively affects employee’s voice behavior, and it plays a partial intermediary role between employee’s power distance orientation and employee’s voice behavior; (3) leader’s power distance orientation significantly positively affects the employee power distance orientation, and significantly negatively affects the employee’s psychological security and employee’s voice behavior.


Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ping Yuan ◽  
Yuru Yang

The importance of research into voice behavior for organizational effectiveness has recently become even more evident. We explored the impact of the mismatch between power and status on employees’ voice behavior through the mediating mechanism of power struggle and the moderating mechanism of power distance. Hypotheses were derived from legitimacy theory. Participants were 647 Chinese employee−supervisor dyads. We found that the mismatch between employees’ sense of power and status positively predicted their voice behavior via power struggle, and the positive indirect relationship was amplified when power distance was at a higher level. Theoretical contributions and future research directions are discussed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ibrahim ◽  
Andin Andiyasari ◽  
Corina D. Riantoputra

The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of individual (power distance orientation) and contextual (perceived organizational support) factors on voice behavior. The study utilized online survey method using google form on 103 employees in DKI Jakarta and its surrounding areas using a measuring instrument with reliability between .77-.81. The results of moderated regression analysis found that (1) power distance orientation has a negative effect on voice behavior; (2) perceived organizational support as a moderator has imperative role in explaining the relationship between power distance orientation and voice behavior. Perceived organizational support strengthens the negative relationship between power distance orientation and voice behavior. This study explained 38% of the formation of voice behavior. High perceived organizational support became significant factor in strengthening employees with low power distance orientation to exhibit voice behavior. The study was revealed the interaction between power distance orientation, perceived organizational support, and voice behavior.


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