Effect of Running Shoe Type on the Distribution and Magnitude of Plantar Pressures in Individuals with Low- or High-Arched Feet

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Molloy ◽  
Douglas S. Christie ◽  
Deydre S. Teyhen ◽  
Nancy S. Yeykal ◽  
Bradley S. Tragord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Control ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Arch Index

Background: Research addressing the effect of running shoe type on the low- or high-arched foot during gait is limited. We sought 1) to analyze mean plantar pressure and mean contact area differences between low- and high-arched feet across three test conditions, 2) to determine which regions of the foot (rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot) contributed to potential differences in mean plantar pressure and mean contact area, and 3) to determine the association between the static arch height index and the dynamic modified arch index. Methods: Plantar pressure distributions for 75 participants (40 low arched and 35 high arched) were analyzed across three conditions (nonshod, motion control running shoes, and cushioning running shoes) during treadmill walking. Results: In the motion control and cushioning shoe conditions, mean plantar contact area increased in the midfoot (28% for low arched and 68% for high arched), whereas mean plantar pressure decreased by approximately 30% relative to the nonshod condition. There was moderate to good negative correlation between the arch height index and the modified arch index. Conclusions: Cushioning and motion control running shoes tend to increase midfoot mean plantar contact area while decreasing mean plantar pressure across the low- or high-arched foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(4): 330–338, 2009)

Characteristics of Plantar Pressures and Related Pain Profiles in Elite Sprinters and Recreational Runners

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong-Hsien Chow ◽  
Yih-Shyuan Chen ◽  
Jia-Chang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Metatarsal Bone ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Plantar Pressure Measurement ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Arch Index

Background: Plantar pressure measurement is effective for assessing plantar loading and can be applied to evaluating foot performance. We sought to explore the characteristics of plantar pressures in elite sprinters and recreational runners during static standing and walking. Methods: Arch index (AI) values, regional plantar pressure distributions (PPDs), and footprint characteristics were examined in 80 elite sprinters and 90 recreational runners using an optical plantar pressure measurement system. Elite sprinters' pain profiles were examined to evaluate their most common pain areas. Results: In recreational runners, AI values in males were in the normal range and in females were high arch type. The AI values were significantly lower in elite sprinters than in recreational runners. In elite sprinters, particularly males, the static PPD of both feet was higher at the medial metatarsal bone and the lateral heel and lower at the medial and lateral longitudinal arches. Elite male sprinters' PPD of both feet was mainly transferred to the medial metatarsal bone and decreased at the lateral longitudinal arch and the medial heel during the midstance phase of walking. The lateral knee joint and biceps femoris were the most common sites of musculoskeletal pain in elite sprinters. Conclusions: Elite sprinters' AI values could be classified as high arches, and their PPD tended to parallel the features of runners and high-arched runners. These findings correspond to the profile of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)–related plantar pressure. The pain profiles seemed to resonate with the symptoms of high-arched runners and PFPS. A possible link between high-arched runners and PFPS warrants further study.

scholarly journals Changes in Dynamic Plantar Pressure During Loaded Gait

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
pp. 1175-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Goffar ◽  
Rett J. Reber ◽  
Bryan C. Christiansen ◽  
Robert B. Miller ◽  
Jacob A. Naylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Great Toe ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Load Conditions

Background Lower extremity overuse injuries are detrimental to military readiness. Extremes of arch height and heavy loads carried by military personnel are associated with increased risk for overuse injury. Little is known regarding the impact of load carriage on plantar pressure distributions during gait. Objective The objective of this study was to determine how load carriage affects plantar pressure distributions during gait in individuals with varying arch types. Design A cross-sectional, repeated-measures design was used for the study. Methods The study was performed at a research laboratory at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Service members who were healthy and weighing ≥70 kg were enrolled in the study. The participants (97 men, 18 women; mean age=31.3 years, SD=5.6; mean weight=86.0 kg, SD=11.0) were categorized as having high-, normal-, or low-arched feet on the basis of published cutoff values for the arch height index. Plantar pressure measurements were obtained with the use of an in-shoe pressure measurement system while participants wore combat boots and walked on a treadmill under 3 loaded conditions (uniform, 20-kg load, and 40-kg load). Maximal force (MaxF) and force-time integral (FTI) were assessed with the use of a 9-sector mask to represent regions of the foot. A 3 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for analysis across the levels of load and arch type. Results A significant interaction existed between arch type and load for MaxF and FTI in the medial midfoot, with greater force in low-arched feet. In the medial forefoot, MaxF and FTI were greatest in high-arched feet across all load conditions. In the great toe region, low-arched and normally arched feet had greater MaxF and FTI. The relative distribution of FTI increased proportionately in all regions of the foot regardless of arch type for all load conditions. Limitations The influence of fatigue, greater loads, and different walking speeds was not assessed. Conclusions Regardless of arch type, increases in load did not alter the relative distribution of force over the plantar foot during gait. Participants with high-arched feet had greater force in the medial forefoot region, whereas those with normally arched or low-arched feet had greater force in the great toe region, regardless of load. These differences in force distribution may demonstrate different strategies to generate a rigid lever during toe-off.

scholarly journals Plantar pressure distribution evaluation in children with down syndrome from 2 to 5 years old

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Silva de Carvalho Chagas ◽  
Riuraly Caroline Barreiros Fortunato Rangel ◽  
Sulamita Saile de Jesus Oliveira Dornelas ◽  
Anderson Daibert Amaral ◽  
Flávio Augusto Teixeira Ronzani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Standing Posture ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution

Abstract Introduction: Some peculiar features of Down Syndrome (DS), such as ligament laxity, hypotonia, delay in gait acquisition, among others, may generate alterations in the distribution of plantar pressures, modifying the plantar support. Objective: To verify whether there are differences in the evaluation of plantar pressure distributions in standing posture between the measurement instruments (Baropodometer, SAPO, and Radiography). Method: This was a cross-sectional study, evaluating ten children with SD and ten children with normal development (ND), aged from two to five years old. Bio-photogrammetry, baropodometry, and foot radiography were used to assess the plantar pressure distribution. Kappa analysis was used to evaluate the agreement index between the different instruments. Results: Children with DS and ND had a higher prevalence of pronated feet in all three instruments, with poor to substantial agreement among the instruments. Conclusion: According to this study instruments, there was a greater prevalence of pronated feet in the two groups . Differences in the evaluation of the distribution of plantar pressures in the standing posture between the Baropodometer, SAPO, and radiography were observed. These instruments should be used in a complementary manner, as they propose to evaluate different aspects of the feet alignment.

scholarly journals Alterations in the Plantar Pressure Patterns of Overweight and Obese Schoolchildren Due to Backpack Carriage

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Pau ◽  
Bruno Leban ◽  
Marco Pau
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Contact Areas ◽  
Regular School ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
School Day ◽  
Load Action

Background: Among other adverse consequences, childhood obesity is known to influence foot structure and functionality. Yet little information is available regarding how the physiologic foot-ground interaction is altered when a localized load is carried, as occurs in the case of schoolbags. We investigated plantar contact area and pressure modifications induced by backpack carriage under actual conditions. We hypothesized that a localized load acting on the body would further increase the already excessive plantar pressure that exists with overweight and obese status. Methods: Seventy overweight and obese schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 years underwent two 30-sec trials on a pressure platform during a regular school day, with and without a backpack. Total and subregion contact areas along with peak plantar pressures were obtained, and results were compared with those of an equal-numbered group of normal-weight schoolchildren. Results: Overweight and obese children generally had larger contact areas and higher peak plantar pressures compared with their normal-weight peers. In overweight and normal-weight participants, the backpack induced a similar generalized increase in contact area and pressures. However, the largest changes were observed in the forefoot, suggesting that load action tends to modify the physiologic pressure patterns. Conclusions: Backpack carriage raises the already elevated peak plantar pressures in overweight children during upright stance and modifies the physiologic pressure patterns. Further investigations are needed to clarify the features of such phenomenon when dynamic activities are performed and to verify the existence of fatigue and overexertion on the foot as well as other possible negative long-term effects. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(4): 306–313, 2013)

Use of Plantar Contact Area to Predict Medial Longitudinal Arch Height During Walking

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. McPoil ◽  
Mark W. Cornwall
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Surface Contact ◽  
Surface Contact Area ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Vertical Height

A study was conducted to determine whether plantar surface contact area measures calculated from footprints collected during walking can be used to predict the height of the medial longitudinal arch. Thirty healthy women participated in the study. Arch height was determined by the distance from the navicular tuberosity to the floor and by the “bony” arch index. Dynamic plantar surface contact area was recorded using a pressure platform as the subjects walked across a 12-m walkway. The arch index and the total plantar surface contact area were determined from the pressure sensor data. The results indicated that plantar surface contact area could be used to estimate only approximately 27% of the height of the medial longitudinal arch as determined by navicular tuberosity height and the bony arch index. These findings demonstrate the inability of the clinician to predict the vertical height of the medial longitudinal arch on the basis of the amount of foot plantar surface area in contact with the ground during walking. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(6): 489-494, 2006)

Effect of Neutral-Cushioned Running Shoes on Plantar Pressure Loading and Comfort in Athletes with Cavus Feet

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2139-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Wegener ◽  
Joshua Burns ◽  
Stefania Penkala ◽  
Grad Dip Ex Spr Sc
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Pressure Loading ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Pressure Time ◽  
Running Shoes

Background High injury rates observed in athletes with cavus feet are thought to be associated with elevated plantar pressure loading. Neutral-cushioned running shoes are often recommended to manage and prevent such injuries. Purpose To investigate in-shoe plantar pressure loading and comfort during running in 2 popular neutral-cushioned running shoes recommended for athletes with cavus feet. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Plantar pressures were collected using the in-shoe Novel Pedar-X system during overground running in 22 athletes with cavus feet in 2 neutral-cushioned running shoes (Asics Nimbus 6 and Brooks Glycerin 3) and a control condition (Dunlop Volley). Comfort was measured using a validated visual analog scale. Results Compared with the control, both neutral-cushioned running shoes significantly reduced peak pressure and pressure-time integrals by 17% to 33% ( P < .001). The Brooks Glycerin most effectively reduced pressure beneath the whole foot and forefoot ( P < .01), and the Asics Nimbus most effectively reduced rearfoot pressure ( P < .01). Both neutral-cushioned running shoes reduced force at the forefoot by 6% and increased it at the midfoot by 12% to 17% ( P < .05). Contact time and area increased in both neutral-cushioned running shoes ( P < .01). The Asics Nimbus was the most comfortable, although both neutral-cushioned running shoes were significantly more comfortable than the control ( P < .001). Conclusion Two popular types of neutral-cushioned running shoes were effective at reducing plantar pressures in athletes with cavus feet. Clinical Relevance Regional differences in pressure reduction suggest neutral-cushioned running shoe recommendation should shift from being categorical in nature to being based on location of injury or elevated plantar pressure.

scholarly journals Computer Foot

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0050
Author(s):  
Robert Vander Griend
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Position Change ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
College Professor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Foot Position

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Metatarsalgia can result from both intrinsic and extrinsic causes of increased plantar pressure. The index patient in this study was a college professor with bilateral metarsalgia (and failed Morton’s neuroma surgeries). In clinic he was noted to be sitting with both feet positioned under his chair (Figure shows example of this position). He indicated that he sat in this position while using his computer for several hours at a time. He was counseled to sit with his feet flat and subsequently noted much improvement in his symptoms. Other patients were then noted to have metatarsalgia and similar computer use foot positions prompting this evaluation of forefoot plantar pressures in this sitting position. Methods: Fifteen patients (eight with computer foot and seven without) were seated in a chair that they could adjust to their normal sitting position. The patients wore socks of their choice but not shoes to avoid loading differences resulting from different types foot wear. A plexiglass plate portable pressure sensor was placed ln the floor. The pressure and contact area was measured for each foot with the foot flat and then the foot positioned with the foot directly under the edge of the chair. Results: The plantar pressures in the seated foot flat position ranged from 8-18 kg (some correlation with leg size/weight and self selected chair height). This pressure was fairly evenly distributed across the entire plantar foot. There were no right-left foot differences. The plantar pressures in the computer foot position (foot directly under the edge of the chair) increased by 40-60% while the contact area decreased by 50% or more. Positioning the foot as far under the chair as possible increased the pressures by an additional 10+%. Conclusion: Foot position while seated can result in increased loads on the plantar forefoot. Maintaining this position for long periods of time-as when working on a computer-can contribute to metatarsalgia . While rarely the only cause of metatarsalgia we have found that about 1/4 of patients with forefoot symptoms do acknowledge that they sit for periods of time in the computer foot position. Change in foot position commonly improves their foot symptoms

Patellar tendon bearing brace: Combined effect of heel clearance and ankle status on foot plantar pressure

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farnaz Alimerzaloo ◽  
Reza V Kashani ◽  
Hassan Saeedi ◽  
Marjan Farzi ◽  
Nader Fallahian
Keyword(s):  
Patellar Tendon ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Peak Plantar Pressure ◽  
Measure Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measure Analysis

Background: Heel clearance and ankle status (free or locked) are of major determinants affecting peak plantar pressures and contact area in patellar tendon bearing brace and have been separately studied by many researchers. This study investigated the combined effect of ankle status and heel clearance on contact area and peak plantar pressure in different areas of foot (hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot). Study design: Before–after repeated measurement trial. Methods: Nine healthy male volunteers walked 8 m with normal shoe and four conditions of patellar tendon bearing brace wear. Repeated-measure analysis of variance test was used to compare contact area and plantar pressure changes in three areas of the foot. Results: Application of patellar tendon bearing brace significantly reduced overall plantar pressure and contact area ( p < 0.01). Although both contact area and plantar pressure significantly decreased in hindfoot and midfoot, plantar pressure increased in forefoot area ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: Application of the patellar tendon bearing brace can reduce the overall peak plantar pressure in the foot but increases focal plantar pressure in forefoot. Excessive lifting of the heel seems to minimize the contact area, thus increase focal pressure in forefoot. Overall, plantar pressure seems to be more effectively off-loaded by combining maximum heel clearance and restriction of the ankle joint. Clinical relevance Although effective parameters of patellar tendon bearing brace have been separately addressed in previous studies, no study was found that investigated the combined effect of ankle status and heel clearance. This study investigates the combined effect of these parameters and provides detailed information on clinical application of the patellar tendon bearing brace.

Plantar Pressure During Gait in Pregnant Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 398-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Bertuit ◽  
Clara Leyh ◽  
Marcel Rooze ◽  
Véronique Feipel
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Nulliparous Women

Background: During pregnancy, physical and hormonal modifications occur. Morphologic alterations of the feet are found. These observations can induce alterations in plantar pressure. This study sought to investigate plantar pressures during gait in the last 4 months of pregnancy and in the postpartum period. A comparison with nulliparous women was conducted to investigate plantar pressure modifications during pregnancy. Methods: Fifty-eight women in the last 4 months of pregnancy, nine postpartum women, and 23 healthy nonpregnant women (control group) performed gait trials on an electronic walkway at preferred speeds. The results for the three groups were compared using analysis of variance. Results: During pregnancy, peak pressure and contact area decreased for the forefoot and rearfoot. These parameters increased significantly for the midfoot. The gait strategy seemed to be lateralization of gait with an increased contact area of the lateral midfoot and both reduced pressure and a later peak time on the medial forefoot. In the postpartum group, footprint parameters were modified compared with the pregnant group, indicating a trend toward partial return to control values, although differences persisted between the postpartum and control groups. Conclusions: Pregnant women had altered plantar pressures during gait. These findings could define a specific pattern of gait footprints in late pregnancy because plantar pressures had characteristics that could maintain a stable and safe gait.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Analysis of Plantar Pressures with Wear of a Running Shoe

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Escamilla-Martínez ◽  
Beatriz Gómez-Martín ◽  
Lourdes María Fernández-Seguín ◽  
Alfonso Martínez-Nova ◽  
Juan Diego Pedrera-Zamorano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Pressure Pattern ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Material Fatigue ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Peak Pressures ◽  
Shoe Wear ◽  
Subjective Sensation

Running shoes typically have a lifespan of 300–1000 km, and the plantar pressure pattern during running may change as the shoe wears. So, the aim of this study was to determine the variation of plantar pressures with shoe wear, and the runner’s subjective sensation. Maximun Plantar Pressures (MMP) were measured from 33 male recreational runners at three times during a training season (beginning, 350 km, and 700 km) using the Biofoot/IBV® in-shoe system (Biofoot/IBV®, Valencia, Spain). All the runners wore the same shoes (New Balance® 738, Boston, MA, USA) during this period, and performed similar training. The zones supporting most pressure at all three study times were the medial (inner) column of the foot and the forefoot. There was a significant increase in pressure on the midfoot over the course of the training season (from 387.8 to 590 kPa, p = 0.003). The runners who felt the worst cushioning under the midfoot were those who had the highest peak pressures in that area (p = 0.002). The New Balance® 738 running shoe effectively maintains the plantar pressure pattern after 700 km of use under all the zones studied except the midfoot, probably due to material fatigue or deficits of the specific cushioning systems in that area.

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