Reliability of the Foot Posture Index and Traditional Measures of Foot Position

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Evans ◽  
Alexander W. Copper ◽  
Rolf W. Scharfbillig ◽  
Sheila D. Scutter ◽  
Marie T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Foot Position ◽  
Adequate Reliability

Repeatable measures are essential for clinicians and researchers alike. Both need baseline measures that are reliable, as intervention effects cannot be accurately identified without consistent measures. The intrarater and interrater reliability of the new Foot Posture Index and current podiatric measures of foot position were assessed using a same-subject, repeated-measures study design across three age groups. The Foot Posture Index total score showed moderate reliability overall, demonstrating better reliability than most other current measures, although navicular height (normalized for foot length) was the single most reliable measure in adults. None of the tested measures exhibited adequate reliability in young children, and, with less-than-desirable reliability being demonstrated, most measures need to be interpreted accordingly when repeated measures are involved. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(3): 203-213, 2003)

Influence of Age, Sex, and Anthropometric Determinants on the Foot Posture Index in a Pediatric Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Jimenez-Cebrian ◽  
María Francisca Morente-Bernal ◽  
Pedro Daniel Román-Bravo ◽  
Juan Francisco Saucedo-Badía ◽  
Juan Antonio Alonso-Ríos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Quantitative Result ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Foot Position

Background: The Foot Posture Index (FPI) is a clinical tool for diagnosis that aims to quantify the grade of a foot position as neutral, pronated, or supinated. Its purpose is to develop a simple six-factor method for rating foot posture with an easy and quantitative result. We evaluated possible differences in the FPI by sex and the influences of age, weight, height, foot size, and body mass index (BMI) on foot posture. Methods: In 150 asymptomatic children (79 boys and 71 girls) aged 8 to 13 years, we determined weight, height, BMI, and FPI in the bipedal, static, and relaxed position. The FPI was obtained as the sum of the scores (–2, –1, 0, 1, 2) given to each of the six criteria. Results: The mean ± SD FPI value for the total sample was 5.1 ± 2.1 (boys: 5.1 ± 2.2; girls: 5.2 ± 2.0), so there were no significant differences between the sexes (P = .636). Of the 150 feet examined, none had FPI values of very supinated or highly pronated, two were supinated (1.3%), 76 neutral (50.7%), and 72 pronated (48.0%). Of the total FPI values, 7.7% can be explained by anthropometric variables: height, weight, and foot size (r2 = 0.077; P < .010). Conclusions: The most frequent foot postures in the sample were neutral and pronated. Neither age nor BMI explained variations in the FPI.

Criterion Validation of Four Criteria of the Foot Posture Index

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Scharfbillig ◽  
Angela M. Evans ◽  
Alexander W. Copper ◽  
Marie Williams ◽  
Sheila Scutter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Criterion Validation ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Final Score ◽  
Foot Position

The Foot Posture Index is a new multidimensional and multiplanar tool aimed at quantifying the degree of pronation to supination of the foot, comprising eight criteria that sum to produce a final “score” of foot posture. In an initial study involving 31 subjects, angulations measured from dorsoplantar and lateral radiographs were compared with the corresponding Foot Posture Index criteria using Spearman’s rho and the generalized linear model of analysis of variance. Eleven of the participants from Study 1 completed a second study in which wedges were used to alter foot position to determine whether changes to foot position were sensitively reflected in Foot Posture Index criterion scores and associated radiographic images. Study 1 demonstrated a significant correlation for only one criterion (talar head palpation), while Study 2 demonstrated intrasubject sensitivity to overall changes from supinated to pronated and supinated to resting positions but insensitivity to changes from resting to pronated positions. The results suggest that although the Foot Posture Index could be a useful tool to broadly classify foot postures, it is not sensitive to all small movements when assessed by this method. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(1): 31-38, 2004)

Anthropometric Foot Changes During Pregnancy

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel A. Gijon-Nogueron ◽  
Marta Gavilan-Diaz ◽  
Virginia Valle-Funes ◽  
Ana Maria Jimenez-Cebrian ◽  
Jose Antonio Cervera-Marin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Fixed Position ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Pregnancy Result

Background: Women’s feet change during pregnancy owing to hormonal and anatomical changes, thus having a strong influence on the decrease in their quality of life during pregnancy. This preliminary study aimed to value the anthropometric and positional changes that affect their feet. Methods: Ten pregnant women were measured during their gestational period to analyze the anthropometric changes in their feet from the 12th week of pregnancy. We examined the changes that occured in foot length, forefoot width, arch of the foot height, and the fixed position of the foot by using the Foot Posture Index, and we analyzed three intervals corresponding to pregnancy weeks 12, 24, and 34. Results: The most significant finding, with a reliability rate of 95%, is the decrease in internal arch height, which descends 0.65 mm (0.0394 inches) on average at the final stage of the pregnancy period. This change happened in 18 of the feet analyzed, tending toward pronation according to the measure provided by the Foot Posture Index, with a change of 3.78 points on this scale. Conclusions: The foot of the pregnant woman tends to flatten during gestational weeks 12 to 34, taking a more pronated posture, and the anthropometric changes in late pregnancy result in increases in foot length and forefoot width, changes that seem to be moderate. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(4): 314–321, 2013)

The Relationship Between Wearing Incorrectly Sized Shoes and Foot Dimensions, Foot Pain, and Diabetes

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Paiva de Castro ◽  
José Rubens Rebelatto ◽  
Thaís Rabiatti Aurichio
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Ankle Pain ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Shoe Size ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Wearing inappropriate shoes can cause biomechanical imbalance, foot problems, and pain and induce falls.Objective:To verify the prevalence of wearing incorrectly sized shoes and the relationship between incorrectly sized shoes and foot dimensions, pain, and diabetes among older adults.Design:A cross-sectional study.Participants:399 older adults (227 women and 172 men) age 60 to 90 y.Main Outcome Measures:The participants were asked about the presence of diabetes, pain in the lower limbs and back, and pain when wearing shoes. Foot evaluations comprised the variables of width, perimeter, height, length, first metatarsophalangeal angle, the Arch Index, and the Foot Posture Index. The data analysis was performed using a 2-sample t test and chi-square test.Results:The percentage of the participants wearing shoe sizes bigger than their foot length was 48.5% for the women and 69.2% for the men. Only 1 man was wearing a shoe size smaller than his foot length. The older adults wearing the incorrect shoe size presented larger values for foot width, perimeter, and height than those wearing the correct size, but there were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the Arch Index and the Foot Posture Index. Incorrectly sized shoes were associated with ankle pain in women but not with diabetes. Men were more likely to wear incorrectly fitting shoes. The use of correctly sized shoes was associated with back pain in women.Conclusions:The use of incorrectly sized shoes was highly prevalent in the population studied and was associated with larger values for foot width, perimeter, and height and with ankle pain.

Comparative analysis of the foot position in children with symptomatic and asymptomatic flatfoot using the foot posture index (FPI-6)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
N. A. Shabaldin ◽  
A. V. Shabaldin ◽  
F. V. Titov ◽  
V. A. Kokina
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Lateral Projection ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Efficient Approach ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Foot Position

Aim. To compare the foot position in asymptomatic children and those who received conservative or surgical because of flatfoot.Materials and Methods. We consecutively recruited three patient groups: 112 healthy children, 74 children with a pronation position, and 80 children with an overpronation position of the foot. The Foot Posture Index (FPI – 6) was used for the clinical examination. Visual and manual clinical tests were used to determine the mobility of the foot joints. X-ray was performed in a standard lateral projection with a load; if necessary, multislice computed tomography of the foot was performed.Results. Healthy children commonly have pronation position of the foot during the first 10 years of life, with the further normalisation of the posture. In patients receiving conservative treatment of foot pronation, normalisation of the foot position was considerably less pronounced than in healthy children. Further, in those with overpronation position, there were no age-dependent changes in the posture and surgery was the only efficient approach to correct the flatfoot.Conclusion. FPI-6 is a highly sensitive tool for clinical diagnosis of flatfoot. Moderate pronation has a more favorable prognosis than the overpronation position, which is not corrected during the body growth or by the conservative treatment. Yet, surgery is a safe and efficient approach to relieve the pain syndrome and treat the flatfoot deformity.

Reliability of the Modified Foot Posture Index

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Cornwall ◽  
Thomas G. McPoil ◽  
Michael Lebec ◽  
Bill Vicenzino ◽  
Jodi Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Intrarater Reliability ◽  
Extreme Caution ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Previous Version ◽  
Convenient Tool ◽  
Foot Posture

Background: The Foot Posture Index (FPI) has been advocated as a simple and convenient tool to assess static foot posture in a clinical setting. Although published studies have indicated that the FPI has good intrarater reliability and moderate interrater reliability, these studies were conducted on a previous version of the tool that used eight criteria to score a patient’s foot posture. The revised tool has only six criteria (FPI-6). The purpose, therefore, of this study was to investigate the intrarater and interrater reliability of the revised version of the FPI. Methods: Three different raters used the FPI-6 to twice evaluate 92 feet from 46 individuals. Results: Intrarater reliability was high but interrater reliability was only moderate. In addition, using the raw score generated by the FPI-6 to classify feet into one of five categories did not improve agreement between raters. Conclusions: The FPI-6 should be used with extreme caution and may actually have limited value, especially from a research perspective. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 98(1): 7–13, 2008)

scholarly journals Establishing normative foot posture index values for the paediatric population: a cross-sectional study

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron ◽  
Jesus Montes-Alguacil ◽  
Pilar Alfageme-Garcia ◽  
Jose Antonio Cervera-Marin ◽  
Jose Miguel Morales-Asencio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Foot Posture

Association between the Foot Posture Index and running related injuries: A case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Aitor Pérez-Morcillo ◽  
Antonio Gómez-Bernal ◽  
Vicente F. Gil-Guillen ◽  
Javier Alfaro-Santafé ◽  
José Víctor Alfaro-Santafé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Association between Foot Posture Index and Ankle Sprain in Indoor Football Players

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Safar Cherati ◽  
Masoud Dousti ◽  
Shima Younespour
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Positive History ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

<p><strong>Objective</strong><strong>: </strong>This study investigated the relationship between foot type and ankle sprain incidence.</p><p><strong>Method</strong><strong>: </strong>In a prospective cohort study using the FPI, 68 adult male and female indoor football (Futsal) players were measured and their feet were classified according to foot posture index (FPI) as neutral, supinated and pronated. They were followed over 6 month as a one competition season and at the end, any injuries at the ankle during this period were detected.</p><p><strong>Result</strong><strong>: </strong>There was no significant association between FPI score (considering the total FPI score and its six components) and occurrence of ankle sprain. Also, no association was existed between gender, age, height, weight, BMI, duration of professional exercise, dominant foot and occurrence of ankle sprain. In this study, the history of previous ankle sprain was the only significant predictor of the occurrence of ankle sprain in the follow-up period. Participants with the positive history of previous ankle sprain were at higher risk of developing new ankle sprain (OR=6.02, 95% CI: (1.93, 18.84), p=0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>: </strong>There was no significant association between FPI score and occurrence of ankle sprain.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Limitation: </strong>there was scarce of supinated foot in the study so evaluation of relationship between supinated feet and ankle sprain was not applicable.</p>

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