scholarly journals Priority of discovery in the life sciences

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D Vale ◽  
Anthony A Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Journal Publication ◽  
Initial Validation ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
Wide Community

The job of a scientist is to make a discovery and then communicate this new knowledge to others. For a scientist to be successful, he or she needs to be able to claim credit or priority for discoveries throughout their career. However, despite being fundamental to the reward system of science, the principles for establishing the "priority of discovery" are rarely discussed. Here we break down priority into two steps: disclosure, in which the discovery is released to the world-wide community; and validation, in which other scientists assess the accuracy, quality and importance of the work. Currently, in biology, disclosure and an initial validation are combined in a journal publication. Here, we discuss the advantages of separating these steps into disclosure via a preprint, and validation via a combination of peer review at a journal and additional evaluation by the wider scientific community.

Critical and Future Trends in Data Mining

Data Mining ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 437-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Business Education ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Knowledge Discovery In Databases ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Usable Knowledge ◽  
The World

Every day, enormous amounts of information are generated from all sectors, whether it be business, education, the scientific community, the World Wide Web (WWW), or one of many readily available off-line and online data sources. From all of this, which represents a sizable repository of data and information, it is possible to generate worthwhile and usable knowledge. As a result, the field of Data Mining (DM) and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) has grown in leaps and bounds and has shown great potential for the future (Han & Kamber, 2001). The purpose of this chapter is to survey many of the critical and future trends in the field of DM, with a focus on those which are thought to have the most promise and applicability to future DM applications.

scholarly journals Gaia: Science with 1 billion objects in three dimensions

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
Timo Prusti
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Milky Way Galaxy ◽  
Astronomical Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Release ◽  
Wide Scientific Community ◽  
Gathering Data

Gaia is an operational satellite in the ESA science programme. It is gathering data for more than a billion objects. Gaia measures positions and motions of stars in our Milky Way Galaxy, but captures many asteroids and extragalactic sources as well. The first data release has already been made and exploitation by the world-wide scientific community is underway. Further data releases will be made with further increasing accuracy. Gaia is well underway to provide its promised set of fundamental astronomical data.

scholarly journals Making Eugenics a Public Issue

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-66
Author(s):  
Heiner M. Fangerau
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Racial Hygiene ◽  
Standard Work ◽  
Reception Study ◽  
Human Heredity ◽  
The World

During the 1920s, the world-wide eugenics movement reached a peak level of popularity. Historians have stressed the key role of the textbook “Human Heredity and Racial Hygiene” in the popularisation of eugenic thinking in Germany. In this textbook the well known scientists Erwin Baur (1875-1933), Eugen Fischer (1874-1967) and Fritz Lenz (1887-1976) tried to combine genetics, anthropology and racial hygiene to form a “Magna Carta” of eugenics. This paper aims at quantitatively reconstructing the book’s development into a standard work. 325 contemporary reviews of the book were analysed. More than 80% of the reviewers evaluated the book positively recommending it to a variety of readers. Most of the reviewers were Medical Doctors concentrating on the eugenic aspects of the book. The reception study makes the reciprocity of eugenics as an accepted science and academics forming it into science prevalent. Explanations for the uniform reaction of the scientific community are discussed. *Key words*: reception study, interwar years, eugenics

Building the world-wide community of graphics educators

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico C. Figueiredo ◽  
Dena E. Eber ◽  
Joaquim A. Jorge
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
The World ◽  
Wide Community

scholarly journals DEFEASIBLE REASONING IN WEB-BASED FORMS THROUGH ARGUMENTATION

2008 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 71-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERGIO ALEJANDRO GÓMEZ ◽  
CARLOS IVÁN CHESÑEVAR ◽  
GUILLERMO RICARDO SIMARI
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Logic Program ◽  
Markup Languages ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Defeasible Logic ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The World

The notion of forms as a way of organizing and presenting data has been used since the beginning of the World Wide Web. Web-based forms have evolved together with the development of new markup languages, in which it is possible to provide validation scripts as part of the form code to test whether the intended meaning of the form is correct. However, for the form designer, part of this intended meaning frequently involves other features which are not constraints by themselves, but rather attributes emerging from the form, which provide plausible conclusions in the context of incomplete and potentially inconsistent information. As the value of such attributes may change in presence of new knowledge, we call them defeasible attributes. In this paper, we propose extending traditional web-based forms to incorporate defeasible attributes as part of the knowledge that can be encoded by the form designer. The proposed extension allows the specification of scripts for reasoning about form fields using a defeasible knowledge base, expressed in terms of a Defeasible Logic Program.

scholarly journals On the value of preprints: an early career researcher perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarvenaz Sarabipour ◽  
Humberto J Debat ◽  
Edward Emmott ◽  
Steven Burgess ◽  
Benjamin Schwessinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Peer Review Process ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Journal Publication ◽  
Early Career Researchers ◽  
Brand Recognition ◽  
Public Record ◽  
Rapid Dissemination ◽  
Early Career Researcher

Peer-reviewed journal publication is the main means for academic researchers in the life sciences to create a permanent, public record of their work. These publications are also the de facto currency for career progress, with a strong link between journal brand recognition and perceived value. The current peer-review process can lead to long delays between submission and publication, with cycles of rejection, revision and resubmission causing redundant peer review. This situation creates unique challenges for early career researchers (ECRs), who rely heavily on timely publication of their work to gain recognition for their efforts. ECRs face changes in the academic landscape including the increased interdisciplinarity of life sciences research, expansion of the researcher population and consequent shifts in employer and funding demands. The publication of preprints, publicly available scientific manuscripts posted on dedicated preprint servers prior to journal managed peer-review, can play a key role in addressing these ECR challenges. Preprinting benefits include rapid dissemination of academic work, open access, establishing priority or concurrence, receiving feedback and facilitating collaborations. While there is a growing appreciation for and adoption of preprints, a minority of all articles in life sciences and medicine are preprinted. The current low rate of preprint submissions in life sciences and ECR concerns regarding preprinting needs to be addressed. We provide a perspective from an interdisciplinary group of early career researchers on the value of preprints and advocate the wide adoption of preprints to advance knowledge and facilitate career development.

scholarly journals Automated metabolic reconstruction forMethanococcus jannaschii

Archaea ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Tsoka ◽  
David Simon ◽  
Christos A. Ouzounis
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Metabolic Reconstruction ◽  
Manual Intervention ◽  
The World ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
Reference Knowledge

We present the computational prediction and synthesis of the metabolic pathways inMethanococcus jannaschiifrom its genomic sequence using the PathoLogic software. Metabolic reconstruction is based on a reference knowledge base of metabolic pathways and is performed with minimal manual intervention. We predict the existence of 609 metabolic reactions that are assembled in 113 metabolic pathways and an additional 17 super-pathways consisting of one or more component pathways. These assignments represent significantly improved enzyme and pathway predictions compared with previous metabolic reconstructions, and some key metabolic reactions, previously missing, have been identified. Our results, in the form of enzymatic assignments and metabolic pathway predictions, form a database (MJCyc) that is accessible over the World Wide Web for further dissemination among members of the scientific community.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Fatality Rate and Performed Swabs in Italy: a Misleading Perception (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Tosi ◽  
Alessandro Verde ◽  
Manuela Verde
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Official Data

UNSTRUCTURED CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) fatality rate in Italy is controversial and is largely affecting discussion on the impact of containment measures that are straining the world’s social and economic fabric, such as large-scale use of isolation and quarantine, closing borders, imposing limits on public gatherings, and implementing nationwide lockdowns. The scientific community, citizens, politicians and mass media are arguing over data that seem to suggest that Italy has a significantly higher number of COVID-19-related deaths than in the rest of the world. Moreover, Italian citizens have a misleading perception related to the number of actually performed swab tests. Citizens and mass media denounce that the coverage obtained by COVID-19 swab testing in Italy is not in line with other countries all over the world. In this paper, we try to clarify both aspects by highlighting the actual numbers and by comparing them with the official data available world-wide.

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