scholarly journals Barriers in Bangladesh

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senjuti Saha ◽  
Sudipta Saha ◽  
Samir K Saha
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
International Effort ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Conducting Research

Research laboratories in low- and middle-income countries, where the global burden of disease is highest, face systemic challenges in conducting research and public health surveillance. An international effort is needed to overcome the paywalls, customs regulations and lack of local suppliers that hinder the scientific community in these countries.

scholarly journals Global Preparedness Against COVID-19: We Must Leverage the Power of Digital Health (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultan Mahmood ◽  
Khaled Hasan ◽  
Michelle Colder Carras ◽  
Alain Labrique
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Digital Interventions ◽  
Home Based

UNSTRUCTURED The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed many areas of public health preparedness that are lacking, especially in lower- and middle-income countries. Digital interventions provide many opportunities for strengthening health systems and could be vital resources in the current public health emergency. We provide several use cases for infection control, home-based diagnosis and screening, empowerment through information, public health surveillance and epidemiology, and leveraging crowd-sourced data. A thoughtful, concerted effort—leveraging existing experience and robust enterprise-grade technologies—can have a substantive impact on the immediate and distal consequences of COVID-19.

scholarly journals How Internet Contracts Impact Research: Content Analysis of Terms of Service on Consumer Product Websites

10.2196/23579 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. e23579
Author(s):  
Caitlin Weiger ◽  
Katherine C Smith ◽  
Joanna E Cohen ◽  
Mark Dredze ◽  
Meghan Bridgid Moran
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Consumer Product ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Website Content

Background Companies use brand websites as a promotional tool to engage consumers on the web, which can increase product use. Given that some products are harmful to the health of consumers, it is important for marketing associated with these products to be subject to public health surveillance. However, terms of service (TOS) governing the use of brand website content may impede such important research. Objective The aim of this study is to explore the TOS for brand websites with public health significance to assess possible legal and ethical challenges for conducting research on consumer product websites. Methods Using Statista, we purposefully constructed a sample of 15 leading American tobacco, alcohol, psychiatric pharmaceutical, fast-food, and gun brands that have associated websites. We developed and implemented a structured coding system for the TOS on these websites and coded for the presence versus absence of different types of restriction that might impact the ability to conduct research. Results All TOS stated that by accessing the website, users agreed to abide by the TOS (15/15, 100%). A total of 11 out of 15 (73%) websites had age restrictions in their TOS. All alcohol brand websites (5/15, 33%) required users to enter their age or date of birth before viewing website content. Both websites for tobacco brands (2/15, 13%) further required that users register and verify their age and identity to access any website content and agree that they use tobacco products. Only one website (1/15, 7%) allowed users to display, download, copy, distribute, and translate the website content as long as it was for personal and not commercial use. A total of 33% (5/15) of TOS unconditionally prohibited or put substantial restrictions on all of these activities and/or failed to specify if they were allowed or prohibited. Moreover, 87% (13/15) of TOS indicated that website access could be restricted at any time. A total of 73% (11/15) of websites specified that violating TOS could result in deleting user content from the website, revoking access by having the user’s Internet Protocol address blocked, terminating log-in credentials, or enforcing legal action resulting in civil or criminal penalties. Conclusions TOS create complications for public health surveillance related to e-marketing on brand websites. Recent court opinions have reduced the risk of federal criminal charges for violating TOS on public websites, but this risk remains unclear for private websites. The public health community needs to establish standards to guide and protect researchers from the possibility of legal repercussions related to such efforts.

scholarly journals Lancet Commission on Global Surgery - A Public Health Initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Kurlberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Global Surgery ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Epidemiological Transition ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Initiative ◽  
Public Health Initiative

With the advent of the epidemiological transition, the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) presenting as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, malignancies and injuries make up the major part of the Global Burden of Disease.Many of these conditions will require surgery and in 2015, the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery was launched. The Commission´s key findings reveal that human and economic consequences of unmet surgical needs in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) are substantial and for many years have gone unrecognised.

Global burden of disease: causes, levels, and intervention strategies

2010 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Ramanan Laxminarayan ◽  
Dean Jamison
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Remarkable Progress

Recent decades have seen remarkable progress in quantifying the burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries and in gathering evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of health interventions. This chapter reviews the major sources of death and disability in these countries and draws lessons from recent analytical work on the cost-effectiveness of interventions to address this disease burden. Four essential messages emerge:...

scholarly journals How Internet Contracts Impact Research: Content Analysis of Terms of Service on Consumer Product Websites (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Weiger ◽  
Katherine C Smith ◽  
Joanna E Cohen ◽  
Mark Dredze ◽  
Meghan Bridgid Moran
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Consumer Product ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Website Content

BACKGROUND Companies use brand websites as a promotional tool to engage consumers on the web, which can increase product use. Given that some products are harmful to the health of consumers, it is important for marketing associated with these products to be subject to public health surveillance. However, terms of service (TOS) governing the use of brand website content may impede such important research. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to explore the TOS for brand websites with public health significance to assess possible legal and ethical challenges for conducting research on consumer product websites. METHODS Using Statista, we purposefully constructed a sample of 15 leading American tobacco, alcohol, psychiatric pharmaceutical, fast-food, and gun brands that have associated websites. We developed and implemented a structured coding system for the TOS on these websites and coded for the presence versus absence of different types of restriction that might impact the ability to conduct research. RESULTS All TOS stated that by accessing the website, users agreed to abide by the TOS (15/15, 100%). A total of 11 out of 15 (73%) websites had age restrictions in their TOS. All alcohol brand websites (5/15, 33%) required users to enter their age or date of birth before viewing website content. Both websites for tobacco brands (2/15, 13%) further required that users register and verify their age and identity to access any website content and agree that they use tobacco products. Only one website (1/15, 7%) allowed users to display, download, copy, distribute, and translate the website content as long as it was for personal and not commercial use. A total of 33% (5/15) of TOS unconditionally prohibited or put substantial restrictions on all of these activities and/or failed to specify if they were allowed or prohibited. Moreover, 87% (13/15) of TOS indicated that website access could be restricted at any time. A total of 73% (11/15) of websites specified that violating TOS could result in deleting user content from the website, revoking access by having the user’s Internet Protocol address blocked, terminating log-in credentials, or enforcing legal action resulting in civil or criminal penalties. CONCLUSIONS TOS create complications for public health surveillance related to e-marketing on brand websites. Recent court opinions have reduced the risk of federal criminal charges for violating TOS on public websites, but this risk remains unclear for private websites. The public health community needs to establish standards to guide and protect researchers from the possibility of legal repercussions related to such efforts.

scholarly journals Psychiatric Research in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
P. Sharma ◽  
S. Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disease Study

The Global Burden of Disease study ranks mental disorders and substance use disorders as the fifth-placed group based on global burden and ranks them first based on years living with disability. There is a gross imbalance between the burden of disease and mental health resources especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Research in this field can and should play a substantial role in improving these situations.

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