scholarly journals Differentiating Drosophila female germ cells initiate Polycomb silencing by regulating PRC2-interacting proteins

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Z DeLuca ◽  
Megha Ghildiyal ◽  
Liang-Yu Pang ◽  
Allan C Spradling
Keyword(s):  
Interacting Proteins ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Canonical Distribution ◽  
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Target Sites ◽  
Female Germline ◽  
Inactive Chromatin

Polycomb silencing represses gene expression and provides a molecular memory of chromatin state that is essential for animal development. We show that Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) provide a powerful system for studying Polycomb silencing. GSCs have a non-canonical distribution of PRC2 activity and lack silenced chromatin like embryonic progenitors. As GSC daughters differentiate into nurse cells and oocytes, nurse cells, like embryonic somatic cells, silence genes in traditional Polycomb domains and in generally inactive chromatin. Developmentally controlled expression of two Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-interacting proteins, Pcl and Scm, initiate silencing during differentiation. In GSCs, abundant Pcl inhibits PRC2-dependent silencing globally, while in nurse cells Pcl declines and newly induced Scm concentrates PRC2 activity on traditional Polycomb domains. Our results suggest that PRC2-dependent silencing is developmentally regulated by accessory proteins that either increase the concentration of PRC2 at target sites or inhibit the rate that PRC2 samples chromatin.

scholarly journals Differentiating Drosophila female germ cells initiate Polycomb silencing by altering PRC2 sampling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Z DeLuca ◽  
Megha Ghildiyal ◽  
Wanbao Niu ◽  
Liang-Yu Pang ◽  
Allan C. Spradling
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Interacting Proteins ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Molecular Memory ◽  
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Female Germline

SummaryPolycomb silencing represses gene expression and provides a molecular memory of chromatin state that is essential for animal development. We show that Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) provide a powerful system for studying Polycomb silencing and how it is established. GSCs resemble pluripotent mammalian embryonic cells in lacking silenced chromatin, but most GSC daughters, like typical somatic cells, induce Polycomb silencing as they differentiate into nurse cells. Developmentally controlled changes in the levels of two Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-interacting proteins, Pcl and Scm, initiate differentiation. In germline stem cells, abundant Pcl inhibits silencing by slowing PRC2 and diverting it from PRE sequences. During differentiation, core PRC2 represses inactive loci while Scm and residual Pcl cooperate to enrich PRC2 and silence traditional Polycomb domains. We propose that PRC2-interacting proteins regulate the transition from a variable to stable transcription state during differentiation by altering the rate that PRC2 samples regulatory sequences.

How Can Female Germline Stem Cells Contribute to the Physiological Neo-Oogenesis in Mammals and Why Menopause Occurs?

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonin Bukovsky
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Ovarian Stem Cells ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
Female Germline ◽  
Prevailing View

AbstractAt the beginning of the last century, reproductive biologists have discussed whether in mammalian species the fetal oocytes persist or are replaced by neo-oogenesis during adulthood. Currently the prevailing view is that neo-oogenesis is functional in lower vertebrates but not in mammalian species. However, contrary to the evolutionary rules, this suggests that females of lower vertebrates have a better opportunity to provide healthy offspring compared to mammals with oocytes subjected to environmental threats for up to several decades. During the last 15 years, a new effort has been made to determine whether the oocyte pool in adult mammals is renewed as well. Most recently, Ji Wu and colleagues reported a production of offspring from female germline stem cells derived from neonatal and adult mouse ovaries. This indicates that both neonatal and adult mouse ovaries carry stem cells capable of producing functional oocytes. However, it is unclear whether neo-oogenesis from ovarian somatic stem cells is physiologically involved in follicular renewal and why menopause occurs. Here we review observations that indicate an involvement of immunoregulation in physiological neo-oogenesis and follicular renewal from ovarian stem cells during the prime reproductive period and propose why menopause occurs in spite of persisting ovarian stem cells.

scholarly journals GSK3 inhibitor-BIO regulates proliferation of female germline stem cells from the postnatal mouse ovary

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hu ◽  
Y. Bai ◽  
Z. Chu ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
L. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Mouse Ovary ◽  
Female Germline ◽  
Gsk3 Inhibitor

scholarly journals Comparison of different in vitro differentiation conditions for murine female germline stem cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. e12530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Zou ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Haiwei Bi ◽  
Yabin Zhang ◽  
Xueli Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
In Vitro Differentiation ◽  
Female Germline

scholarly journals Endocrine regulation of female germline stem cells in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuto Yoshinari ◽  
Yoshitomo Kurogi ◽  
Tomotsune Ameku ◽  
Ryusuke Niwa
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Female Germline

The Drosophila fusome, a germline-specific organelle, contains membrane skeletal proteins and functions in cyst formation

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lin ◽  
L. Yue ◽  
A.C. Spradling
Keyword(s):  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structure ◽  
Ring Canals ◽  
Alpha Spectrin ◽  
Polarized Transport ◽  
Form Ring ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Number Of Cells

Oogenesis in Drosophila takes place within germline cysts that support polarized transport through ring canals interconnecting their 15 nurse cells and single oocyte. Developing cystocytes are spanned by a large cytoplasmic structure known as the fusome that has been postulated to help form ring canals and determine the pattern of nurse cell-oocyte interconnections. We identified the adducin-like hts product and alpha-spectrin as molecular components of fusomes, discovered a related structure in germline stem cells and documented regular associations between fusomes and cystocyte centrosomes. hts mutations completely eliminated fusomes, causing abnormal cysts containing a reduced number of cells to form. Our results imply that Drosophila fusomes are required for ovarian cyst formation and suggest that membrane skeletal proteins regulate cystocyte divisions.

scholarly journals Production of Zebrafish Offspring from Cultured Female Germline Stem Cells

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. e62660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ten-Tsao Wong ◽  
Abraham Tesfamichael ◽  
Paul Collodi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Female Germline

Effects of bisphenol A on ovarian follicular development and female germline stem cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1581-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Zhu ◽  
Geng G. Tian ◽  
Baoli Yu ◽  
Yanzhou Yang ◽  
Ji Wu
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Ovarian Follicular Development ◽  
Female Germline

scholarly journals The Controversy, Challenges, and Potential Benefits of Putative Female Germline Stem Cells Research in Mammals

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zezheng Pan ◽  
Mengli Sun ◽  
Xia Liang ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
Fangyue Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Female Germline

The conventional view is that female mammals lose their ability to generate new germ cells after birth. However, in recent years, researchers have successfully isolated and cultured a type of germ cell from postnatal ovaries in a variety of mammalian species that have the abilities of self-proliferation and differentiation into oocytes, and this finding indicates that putative germline stem cells maybe exist in the postnatal mammalian ovaries. Herein, we review the research history and discovery of putative female germline stem cells, the concept that putative germline stem cells exist in the postnatal mammalian ovary, and the research progress, challenge, and application of putative germline stem cells in recent years.

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