On the aspectuality of the Individual-Level / Stage-Level dichotomy

This paper addresses how the contrast known as Individual-‐Level/Stage-‐Level (IL/SL) is implemented in the grammar. More specifically, the paper is a critical assessment of the view that the IL/SL distinction is an aspectual distinction. The empirical data I will be using to probe into the IL/SL dichotomy is the contrast between the copular verbs in Spanish ser/estar. I will argue that the Spanish copular contrast reflexes the IL/SL dichotomy and that this dichotomy cannot be reduced to an aspectual difference in the ways it has been proposed in previous literature. Concurring with other authors I will argue that IL/SL-‐ness ensues from a different syntactic composition, very likely from different heads of prepositional nature, which can be argued to carry aspectual value. Crucially, however, this aspectual heads do not seem to translate into differences at the level of viewpoint or situation aspect in any relevant sense, as has been proposed in the literature.

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Heterogeneity and Aggregation

Journal of Economic Literature ◽

10.1257/0022051054661486 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 347-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Richard Blundell ◽

Thomas M Stoker

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Consumer Demand ◽

Demand Analysis ◽

Market Participation ◽

Labor Participation ◽

Consumption Growth ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual

This survey covers recent solutions to aggregation problems in three application areas, consumer demand analysis, consumption growth and wealth, and labor participation and wages. Each area involves treatment of heterogeneity and nonlinearity at the individual level. Three types of heterogeneity are highlighted: heterogeneity in individual tastes, heterogeneity in income and wealth risks and heterogeneity in market participation. Work in each area is illustrated using results from empirical data. The overall aim is to show how concerns faced by empirical researchers regarding aggregation can be addressed.

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Science–Business Relations in the Opinion of University Employees. Expectations Versus Reality

Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations ◽

10.2478/minib-2019-0012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 41-62

Author(s):

Michał Jacuński

Keyword(s):

Doctoral Students ◽

Empirical Data ◽

External Environment ◽

Opinion Poll ◽

Key Factors ◽

Individual Level ◽

University Employees ◽

2Nd Generation ◽

The Individual ◽

The University

Summary The aim of this article is finding out, based on the obtained empirical data from an opinion poll carried out among the employees of the University of Wrocław, in what way and in what scope cooperation with entrepreneurs (business) takes place on the individual level and on the level of a university. The obtained responses served the purpose of analysis and diagnosis of the level and potential of cooperation between the scientific-didactic personnel, including doctoral students and the economic environment. Key factors stimulating and hampering cooperation were defined. The intermediate goal was to find out, whether in light of the expressed opinions a university is still perceived as a place for carrying out goals typical of a 2nd generation, Humboldt-type university, or whether the features of a creative 3rd generation1 university can be seen. 3rd generation university is focused more on cooperation with the external environment and an exchange of resources. By means of the theory of rational choice two hypotheses were formulated and confirmed: first of all, university employees cooperate with entrepreneurs bypassing the university and the second thing is that cooperation with business is above all a source of individual benefits and is assessed as good. The survey was carried out among the employees of the University of Wrocław in the first half of 2018.

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Team Performance: Evidence for Validity of a Measure

Psico-USF ◽

10.1590/1413-82712016210306 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 513-525 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katia Puente-Palacios ◽

Maria do Carmo Fernandes Martins ◽

Salvatore Palumbo

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Team Performance ◽

Empirical Data ◽

Factor Solution ◽

Team Members ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Characteristic ◽

The Individual ◽

Performance Scale

Abstract This study aimed to obtain validity evidences of a teamwork performance scale. Team performance was understood as a meso-level characteristic, resulting of an emerging process. Due to that understanding the proposed instrument should take that aspect into consideration. The empirical data were collected from 276 Ecuadorian teachers organized in 70 educational teams. They answered nine sentences of the scale. Results of exploratory factor analysis showed a unifactorial solution explaining 65.84% of the variance. The measure also has adequate values of reliability (Cronbach Alpha = .93). In addition to these analyses, patterns of variance within and between the groups were verified. The results showed that the variance at the individual level was small when answers of team members were analyzed and was significant when teams were compared. We consider it is important that additional studies be performed in order to identify stability of the factor solution.

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Guessing the Game: An Individual’s Awareness and Assessment of a Game’s Existence

Games ◽

10.3390/g11020017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Katarina Kostelic

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Strategic Behavior ◽

Strategic Interaction ◽

Future Research ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Individual Level ◽

Scenario Technique ◽

The Individual ◽

Game Elements ◽

Different Levels

In everyday life, games begin inconspicuously, leaving an individual to stumble upon their assessment of a situation. An unaware individual is unlikely to exhibit strategic behavior in a given situation, which highlights the importance of awareness examination. The purpose of this exploratory analysis is to examine awareness and assessment of a game’s existence at the individual level. That requires examination of respondents’ detection (as an indication of their awareness) and identification (as an indication of their assessment) of game elements in game-like situations and their relation to awareness of the game existence. The empirical data is collected using a scenario technique and is statistically analyzed. The results show that the respondents are, on average, at least partially aware of possibility for strategic interaction (even in vague situations). The revealed regularities point out to the relation of the game elements to game existence belief, but also indicate the presence of psychological biases and information utilization issues. For example, the respondents assign different levels of belief to game existence regarding possible losses or gains. Research limitations involve the use of a small convenience sample and lead to suggestions for results validation in future research. Possible implications of the results are discussed.

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A guide to IL and SL in Spanish: Properties, problems and proposals

Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics ◽

10.7557/1.1.2.2296 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Antonio Fábregas

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Structural System ◽

Font Size ◽

Individual Level ◽

Specific Proposal ◽

The Individual

Abstract. This article provides with a state of the art of how the Individual Level / Stage Level distinction –and the related but distinct issue of the distribution of ser / estar– is instantiated in Spanish. We argue that the IL / SL distinction can be understood in two different ways: as a contrast between properties predicated of an individual or of a stage of that individual, and as a contrast between temporally persistent properties and temporary ones. The paper ends with a specific proposal about how to capture the distinction inside a structural system.

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On the negative polarity sensitive indefinite determiner nakar ‘any’ in Faroese

Nordlyd ◽

10.7557/12.233 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. pp

Author(s):

Arne Martinus Lindstad

Keyword(s):

Negative Polarity ◽

Questionnaire Study ◽

Faroe Islands ◽

Font Size ◽

Minor Variation ◽

Dialectal Variation ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Polarity Sensitive

This paper reports on fieldwork undertaken during the NORMS dialect workshop in the Faroe Islands in August 2008. I present and discuss findings from a questionnaire study of the negative polarity sensitive indefinite determiner nakar ‘any.’ The questionnaire was constructed on the basis of the findings in Lindstad (1999) for the Norwegian polarity sensitive determiner noen ‘any’. The results indicate that Faroese nakar has a distribution that by and large mimics that of noen. This distribution is also very similar to that of Danish nogen ‘any’ and Icelandic nokkur ‘any,’ but differs considerably from Swedish någon ‘any.’ I did not find any dialectal variation in the distribution of nakar across licensing contexts, only minor variation at the individual level.

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Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000410 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 183-198

Author(s):

Wiktor Soral ◽

Mirosław Kofta

Keyword(s):

Self Esteem ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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Empirical analysis of trait models at the individual level

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e633912013-137 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

James W. Grice

Keyword(s):

Empirical Analysis ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual

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Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

Dance Research ◽

10.3366/drs.2019.0251 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 18-34

Author(s):

Edward C. Warburton

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Cognitive Science ◽

Artistic Development ◽

Individual Level ◽

Figures Of Speech ◽

Self Image ◽

Level I ◽

Dance Educators ◽

The Individual ◽

Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

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