A guide to IL and SL in Spanish: Properties, problems and proposals

Abstract. This article provides with a state of the art of how the Individual Level / Stage Level distinction –and the related but distinct issue of the distribution of ser / estar– is instantiated in Spanish. We argue that the IL / SL distinction can be understood in two different ways: as a contrast between properties predicated of an individual or of a stage of that individual, and as a contrast between temporally persistent properties and temporary ones. The paper ends with a specific proposal about how to capture the distinction inside a structural system.

Download Full-text

On the aspectuality of the Individual-Level / Stage-Level dichotomy

Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics ◽

10.7557/1.1.2.2385 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 109 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

María J. Arche

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Critical Assessment ◽

Previous Literature ◽

Font Size ◽

Individual Level ◽

Situation Aspect ◽

The Individual

This paper addresses how the contrast known as Individual-‐Level/Stage-‐Level (IL/SL) is implemented in the grammar. More specifically, the paper is a critical assessment of the view that the IL/SL distinction is an aspectual distinction. The empirical data I will be using to probe into the IL/SL dichotomy is the contrast between the copular verbs in Spanish ser/estar. I will argue that the Spanish copular contrast reflexes the IL/SL dichotomy and that this dichotomy cannot be reduced to an aspectual difference in the ways it has been proposed in previous literature. Concurring with other authors I will argue that IL/SL-‐ness ensues from a different syntactic composition, very likely from different heads of prepositional nature, which can be argued to carry aspectual value. Crucially, however, this aspectual heads do not seem to translate into differences at the level of viewpoint or situation aspect in any relevant sense, as has been proposed in the literature.

Download Full-text

Beyond nudge: advancing the state-of-the-art of behavioural public policy and administration

Policy & Politics ◽

10.1332/030557320x15987279194319 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 3-23

Author(s):

Benjamin Ewert ◽

Kathrin Loer ◽

Eva Thomann

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Policy Process ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Special Issue ◽

Individual Level ◽

Behavioural Research ◽

Micro Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Behaviour Change

This Special Issue features theoretical, methodological, and empirical advancements of the state-of-the-art in behavioural public policy and administration. In this introduction, we develop a behaviourally-informed, integrated conceptual model of the policy process that embeds individual attitudes and behaviour into context at the meso and macro level. We argue that behavioural approaches can be situated within a broader tradition of methodological individualism. Despite focusing on the micro level of policy processes, the contributions in this issue demonstrate that the behavioural study of public policy and administration can go beyond the individual level and give important insights into policy and societal outcomes. Our model enables us to draw more substantial lessons from behavioural research by moving beyond the verification of individual behaviour change. If based on a broad conceptual design and methodological pluralism, behavioural policies bear the potential to better understand, investigate and shape social outcomes.

Download Full-text

Improved polygenic prediction by Bayesian multiple regression on summary statistics

10.1101/522961 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luke R. Lloyd-Jones ◽

Jian Zeng ◽

Julia Sidorenko ◽

Loïc Yengo ◽

Gerhard Moser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prediction Accuracy ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Computational Time ◽

Genome Wide Association Studies ◽

Summary Statistics ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Data ◽

Heritability Estimation ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Individual

ABSTRACTThe capacity to accurately predict an individual’s phenotype from their DNA sequence is one of the great promises of genomics and precision medicine. Recently, Bayesian methods for generating polygenic predictors have been successfully applied in human genomics but require the individual level data, which are often limited in their access due to privacy or logistical concerns, and are computationally very intensive. This has motivated methodological frameworks that utilise publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary data, which now for some traits include results from greater than a million individuals. In this study, we extend the established summary statistics methodological framework to include a class of point-normal mixture prior Bayesian regression models, which have been shown to generate optimal genetic predictions and can perform heritability estimation, variant mapping and estimate the distribution of the genetic effects. In a wide range of simulations and cross-validation using 10 real quantitative traits and 1.1 million variants on 350,000 individuals from the UK Biobank (UKB), we establish that our summary based method, SBayesR, performs similarly to methods that use the individual level data and outperforms other state-of-the-art summary statistics methods in terms of prediction accuracy and heritability estimation at a fraction of the computational resources. We generate polygenic predictors for body mass index and height in two independent data sets and show that by exploiting summary statistics on 1.1 million variants from the largest GWAS meta-analysis (n ≈ 700, 000) that the SBayesR prediction R2 improved on average across traits by 6.8% relative to that estimated from an individual-level data BayesR analysis of data from the UKB (n ≈ 450, 000). Compared with commonly used state-of-the-art summary-based methods, SBayesR improved the prediction R2 by 4.1% relative to LDpred and by 28.7% relative to clumping and p-value thresholding. SBayesR gave comparable prediction accuracy to the recent RSS method, which has a similar model, but at a computational time that is two orders of magnitude smaller. The methodology is implemented in a very efficient and user-friendly software tool titled GCTB.

Download Full-text

On the negative polarity sensitive indefinite determiner nakar ‘any’ in Faroese

Nordlyd ◽

10.7557/12.233 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. pp

Author(s):

Arne Martinus Lindstad

Keyword(s):

Negative Polarity ◽

Questionnaire Study ◽

Faroe Islands ◽

Font Size ◽

Minor Variation ◽

Dialectal Variation ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Polarity Sensitive

This paper reports on fieldwork undertaken during the NORMS dialect workshop in the Faroe Islands in August 2008. I present and discuss findings from a questionnaire study of the negative polarity sensitive indefinite determiner nakar ‘any.’ The questionnaire was constructed on the basis of the findings in Lindstad (1999) for the Norwegian polarity sensitive determiner noen ‘any’. The results indicate that Faroese nakar has a distribution that by and large mimics that of noen. This distribution is also very similar to that of Danish nogen ‘any’ and Icelandic nokkur ‘any,’ but differs considerably from Swedish någon ‘any.’ I did not find any dialectal variation in the distribution of nakar across licensing contexts, only minor variation at the individual level.

Download Full-text

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000410 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 183-198

Author(s):

Wiktor Soral ◽

Mirosław Kofta

Keyword(s):

Self Esteem ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

Download Full-text

Empirical analysis of trait models at the individual level

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e633912013-137 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

James W. Grice

Keyword(s):

Empirical Analysis ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual

Download Full-text

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

Dance Research ◽

10.3366/drs.2019.0251 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 18-34

Author(s):

Edward C. Warburton

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Cognitive Science ◽

Artistic Development ◽

Individual Level ◽

Figures Of Speech ◽

Self Image ◽

Level I ◽

Dance Educators ◽

The Individual ◽

Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

Download Full-text

Exploring the effect of weight loss on food reward at the individual level

Obesity Abstracts ◽

10.1530/obabs.01.rfc2.3 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pauline Oustric ◽

Kristine Beaulieu ◽

Nuno Casanova ◽

Francois Husson ◽

Catherine Gibbons ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Food Reward ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual

Download Full-text

Personality change and environmental concerns

10.31234/osf.io/jk94r ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher James Hopwood ◽

Ted Schwaba ◽

Wiebke Bleidorn

Keyword(s):

Personality Traits ◽

Personality Change ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Big Five Personality ◽

German Population ◽

Individual Level ◽

Sustainable Behavior ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Individual ◽

Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

Download Full-text

Reply to Connor and Evers (2020): Critique of the Bias of Crowds Model Simply Restates the Model

10.31234/osf.io/ph7yt ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Keith Payne ◽

Heidi A. Vuletich ◽

Kristjen B. Lundberg

Keyword(s):

Implicit Bias ◽

Group Level ◽

Systemic Racism ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Core ◽

Psychological Science ◽

Implicit Biases ◽

The Individual

The Bias of Crowds model (Payne, Vuletich, & Lundberg, 2017) argues that implicit bias varies across individuals and across contexts. It is unreliable and weakly associated with behavior at the individual level. But when aggregated to measure context-level effects, the scores become stable and predictive of group-level outcomes. We concluded that the statistical benefits of aggregation are so powerful that researchers should reconceptualize implicit bias as a feature of contexts, and ask new questions about how implicit biases relate to systemic racism. Connor and Evers (2020) critiqued the model, but their critique simply restates the core claims of the model. They agreed that implicit bias varies across individuals and across contexts; that it is unreliable and weakly associated with behavior at the individual level; and that aggregating scores to measure context-level effects makes them more stable and predictive of group-level outcomes. Connor and Evers concluded that implicit bias should be considered to really be noisily measured individual construct because the effects of aggregation are merely statistical. We respond to their specific arguments and then discuss what it means to really be a feature of persons versus situations, and multilevel measurement and theory in psychological science more broadly.

Download Full-text