The Past Time Uses of the Imperfect in the Aramaic of Daniel

In the Aramaic of Daniel, the imperfect expresses past situations 29 times. Scholars have long wrestled with these past time uses, and although important contributions have been made along the way, one of the most salient semantic issues that arise with these uses—the semantic intersection of imperfective aspect and telicity—has been overlooked. This study addresses this issue directly by providing a linguistic analysis of the past imperfective uses of the imperfect that describes their semantics in light of situation aspect and (un)boundedness. This study also describes the past modal use of the imperfect, and offers a linguistic explanation for how the imperfect acquired such a use. Ultimately, this study provides a linguistic analysis of the past time uses of the imperfect that fosters more artful and nuanced readings of the text in light of its semantic and functional sophistication.

Labor Migration from Neighboring Countries: National Contingents in the Regions of Russia

The paper considers the problem of labor migrants from the CIS countries distribution in the regions of Russia. The relevance of this migration situation aspect is determined by its connection with the general state of the domestic labor market, the imbalances existing here, the lack of necessary regulation of the foreign labor demand and supply. It’s extremely important to understand this situation from the point of view of the need for adaptation and integration of migrants. The analysis showed that the national contingents of visa-free labor migrants are extremely unevenly distributed across the regions of the country. During the pandemic, the total number of foreigners in Russia decreased significantly, while the structure and direction of flows remained practically unchanged. A significant obstacle to the analysis is gaps in statistics, inconsistencies between individual blocks of indicators and their sources.

Semantic category and situation aspect in the Biblical Hebrew Niphal and Hitpael

A clear distinction between the Niphal and Hitpael derivational morphology in Biblical Hebrew has eluded scholars. Traditionally, they have been distinguished according to voice (passive and middle) and reflexivity, where the Niphal tends more to express the former and the Hitpael, the latter. These categories result in significant overlap between these verbal forms, however. To fill attempt to fill this gap, the present study examines the complex relationship between the situation aspect, namely, State, Activity, and Accomplishment, of these verbal forms and the semantic category of verbal roots, both of which contribute to the meaning of a given verb. The Niphal tends consistently towards the situation aspect of State, and the Hitpael towards Activity, as I showed previously (Benton 2009). This paper delves additionally into Accomplishments as a compound aspect of an Activity followed by a State, and it shows that the Hitpael expresses the first phase and the Niphal, the second. The semantic categories in this study include denominal, deadjectival, and motion verbs. The verbal forms consistently follow their situation aspect in all the semantic categories of this study, but, significantly, the semantic category of these verbs imposes an additional dimension of meaning, further distinguishing between the two verbal forms. Authors can combine roots and derivational morphology for stylistic effect. Finally, the article suggests areas where the intersection of morphology, situation aspect, and semantic category can aid linguistic analysis in Biblical Hebrew and other Semitic languages.

Situation Aspects and Their Transformation in Gexi Horpa

Horpa is a relatively obscure Sino-Tibetan language group with an abundance of noteworthy grammatical phenomena, among which are those related to situation aspect, or Aktionsart and lexical aspect. Situation aspect can be divided into five types—state, activity, accomplishment, achievement and semelfactive, according to dynamicity, telicity, and durability. This paper analyzes situation aspect distinctions in the Gexi dialect of Central Horpa, based on first-hand fieldwork data. Semantic features and morpho-syntactic encoding of the situation aspect are explored and illustrated, focusing on the rules and mechanisms by which the situation aspect categories are derived from one another. In this process the conditioning factors of lexical versus morphosyntactic realization of situation aspect are recognized, and several important morpho-syntactic innovations are discovered. The concrete contributions in this work include the elucidation of the typological properties of verbal situation aspect in Gexi Horpa grammar and their interconnections with grammatical aspect, and an account of the way the language transitions in morphology.

Kedwibahasaan Karyawan Pariwisata Kabupaten Gianyar, Bali

This research entitled "Bilingual of Employee Tourism in Gianyar Regency, Bali". The purpose of this research is to know the bilingual of tourism employee in Gianyar based on topic, situation, aspect, and causal factor. The theory used is a sociolinguistic theory that was discovered by Mackey and Fishman. Methods and techniques of data collection used is a method refer to instrument techniques, see libat ably, and record. In the data analysis phase using qualitative and quantitative methods. In the presentation stage of data analysis using informal and formal methods. The population of this study is the entire employees engaged in tourism in Gianyar regency, Bali. The sample of this study was sixty respondents. Based on the analysis that has been done is known that employees working in the field of tourism in Gianyar mastered two to three languages. The modern topic of the language office realm that is often used is Indonesian, while for traditional topics the language is often used is the local language. For situations in the realm of the office, formal situations use the Indonesian language, whereas in informal situations often use local languages. Modern and traditional topics in the domestic realm of informal situations use local languages, namely Balinese and Javanese. However, the most widely encountered is the Balinese language. The Balinese language consists of two types, namely high and low. The high variety used by triwangsa and low variety is used by employees not triwangsa. In addition, the factors that cause bilinguality among employees are internal and external factors. Internal factors, namely age, gender, and daily life of respondents. External factors, ie speech, topic, and speaker contact. The biggest factor is the external factor.

The situation aspect and its issues in Arabic grammar

This study presents a literature review to how Arabic descriptive grammar describes what is called in linguistics *situation aspect* Though one would realize there are some findings in the grammar under different morphological and syntactic categories, this issue did not receive a considerable attention as a separate topic. Therefore, this study aims to present the state-of-the art and further investigate this issue in terms of its consequences on morphological and syntactic description of Arabic.

The rise and fall of Hungarian complex tenses

This chapter reconstructs how and why complex tenses appeared in Hungarian grammar in the late Proto-Hungarian period, and how and why they disappeared 1000 years later. It claims that the evolution of complex tenses started with a micro-change: the reanalysis of the feature content of a verbal suffix. This step initiated further processes of reanalysis, analogical extension, and abstraction, as a consequence of which the tense system inherited from Uralic, distinguishing only past and nonpast, developed into a complex system marking both tense and viewpoint aspect. The chapter argues that both the appearance of complex tenses, and their disappearance, i.e., the replacement of morphological viewpoint aspect marking by situation aspect marking via verbal particles, was triggered by language contact. In both cases, a translinguistic reanalysis took place: Hungarian speakers assigned to the Hungarian construction the structural–functional properties of the construction of the contact language.

ANALISIS ASPEK PEMBENTUK BUDAYA K3 DENGAN KEPATUHAN PENGGUNAAN APD PADA PEKERJA PRODUKSI RESIN DI SIDOARJO

ABSTRACTThe Ministry of Republic Indonesia launched in 2015 as the national safety culture that every industrial sector was required to implement the safety culture as well. One of the effort to create safety culture in the companies with cultivating the behavior for using personal protection equipment at work. Cooper an expert of safety management explained there were three elements forming safety culture, psychological, behavior, and organization and situation aspect. The main purpose was to analyze the relationship between psychological aspect of workers and organization and a situation aspect with the behavior for using PPE. This is an observational analytic study with cross sectional approach. Data were analyzed with univariate and bivariate. Sample of this research were 25 workers from 32 population that gets by simple random sampling method. Data were collected by questionnaire and observation then analyze in descriptive and use cross tabulating and correlation spearmen test to obtain relationship between variables. The result showed that most of the workers (56%) have low behavior on PPE usage. There almost all workers have a good motivation and clarified that availability and training about PPE was fair. There were significant correlation between motivation and training with complience of using PPE. Higly recommendation for company to increase the motivation for workers by apply a reward system.Keywords: safety culture, behaviour, Personal Protection Equipment

A comparative account of the interpretation of temporal relations in narrative in Vietnamese and English

This paper provides a comparative account of the interpretation of temporal relations in Vietnamese and English narrative, using a bi-directional corpus of 3,082 clauses of narrative passages originally written in Vietnamese and their English translations and 3,124 clauses of narrative passages originally written in English and their Vietnamese translations. It is shown that the principles for the interpretation of temporal relations between situations in narrative are similar for both English and Vietnamese despite the fact that English has a well-developed tense system, while Vietnamese is a widely-known tenseless language. The principles are based on the temporal properties of situation aspect and the discourse relations between the clauses, which are elicited from pragmatic inferences.

On the aspectuality of the Individual-Level / Stage-Level dichotomy

<p><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'Cambria';">This paper addresses how the contrast known as Individual-&shy;‐Level/Stage-&shy;‐Level (IL/SL) is implemented in the grammar. More specifically, the paper is a critical assessment of the view that the IL/SL distinction is an aspectual distinction. The empirical data I will be using to probe into the IL/SL dichotomy is the contrast between the copular verbs in Spanish </span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'Cambria'; font-style: italic;">ser/estar. </span><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'Cambria';">I will argue that the Spanish copular contrast reflexes the IL/SL dichotomy and that this dichotomy cannot be reduced to an aspectual difference in the ways it has been proposed in previous literature. Concurring with other authors I will argue that IL/SL-&shy;‐ness ensues from a different syntactic composition, very likely from different heads of prepositional nature, which can be argued to carry aspectual value. Crucially, however, this aspectual heads do not seem to translate into differences at the level of viewpoint or situation aspect in any relevant sense, as has been proposed in the literature. </span></p>