scholarly journals Relexification in a Northern Norwegian dialect?

Nordlyd ◽  
10.7557/12.12 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Sollid
Keyword(s):  
Language Shift ◽  
The Third ◽  
Finite Verb

This paper explores how the process of relexification can contribute to the understanding of the genesis of the new Norwegian dialect of Sappen in Nordreisa. The dialect has emerged in the context of language shift from Finnish to Norwegian, and the dialect syntax has features that might be regarded as products of relexification. One example is declarative main clauses with the finite verb in the third position (V3). The discussion adheres to a more general discussion of approaches to language genesis, where substratist and universalist (and also superstratist) theories often are regarded as contrary to each other. I argue that different theories can contribute to the understanding of different aspects of the same question.

When X doesn’t mark the spot: the intersection of language shift, identity and family language policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (255) ◽  
pp. 133-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassie Smith-Christmas
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Family Language Policy ◽  
Scottish Gaelic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Family Language ◽  
Language Revitalisation ◽  
Isle Of Skye

Abstract This article discusses the reflexive relationship between language shift and identity in the case of Scottish Gaelic on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, demonstrating how (Fishman, Joshua A. 1991. Reversing language shift. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.) concept of X versus Y as related to language is problematic in this particular context. The article posits that in many ways, the processes by which Gaelic has been alienated from a sense of Scottish identity at the macrolevel are reproduced at the microlevel and discusses the implications of this in terms of Family Language Policy (FLP). Using a nexus analysis approach, this article focuses on a second-generation member – referred to as “Seumas” (the children’s uncle) – of three generations of a Gaelic-speaking family and discusses how, although Seumas appears to see Gaelic as part of his identity in terms of “family” and “heritage”, other identity orientations often take precedence, ostensibly contributing to his high use of English. The article discusses the possible impact that Seumas’ linguistic practices have on the third generation, as well as the double-edged sword nature of using “identity” as a tool in language revitalisation.

scholarly journals LANGUAGE SHIFT AND MAINTENANCE OF INTERMARRIAGES CHINESE FAMILIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairtati Dewi ◽  
Sumarsih Sumarsih ◽  
Anni Holila Pulungan
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Demographic Factor ◽  
Chinese Families ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Interethnic Marriage

This study deals with language shift and language maintenance of intermarriages Chinese families.It aims at finding out the factors make language shift and language maintenance occur, finding out how language shift and language maintain occur and finding out why language shift and language maintain occur.This study was conducted in qualitative method.The sources of data were four intermarriage Chinese families; meanwhile the data was their  utterances.The data was analyzed by using Interactive Model by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. To find out what factors affecting language shift and maintenance, the researcher used Holmes’s theory. Based on the data analysis, the first finding shows that there were six factors  affecting language shift and language maintenance occured in intermarriage chinese families namely bilingualism, migration, economic, environment, demographic, and attitude. And as the second finding was that the language shift and language maintenance occured since there are two languages exist in interethnic marriage. The existence of two languages means the competition between two languages. And as the third finding was the reasons why language shift and language maintenance occured are bilingualism in which the man or woman mastered two languages which led to language maintenance, migration in which the women migrate to follow their husband, economic factor dealing with the men and women’s occupations, environment where they lived in homogenous or heterogenous ethnic, demographic factor, and attitude which might be postive or negative. Keywords: language shift, maintenance, intermarriage, qualitative

scholarly journals Afrikaans in Patagonia: Language shift and cultural integration in a rural immigrant community

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (266) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Ryan Szpiech ◽  
Joshua Shapero ◽  
Andries W. Coetzee ◽  
Lorenzo García-Amaya ◽  
Paulina Alberto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Immigrant Community ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Linguistic Integration ◽  
Functional Knowledge

AbstractChubut Province, in Patagonia, Argentina, is home to a group of Afrikaans-speaking Boers, descendants of those who–starting in 1902–came to Argentina from the region of present-day South Africa. Although little Afrikaans is spoken among fourth- and fifth-generation community members, many in the third generation (60 years and older) still maintain the language. According to Joshua Fishman’s model of generational language shift, the Boers’ Afrikaans should have been largely diluted by the third generation; older community members today should have little functional knowledge of the language, and their children and grandchildren none. The goal of this paper is to explore the persistence of bilingualism in the Argentine Boer community and explain why the changes normally associated with the third generation of immigrants are only now being seen in the fourth and fifth generations. On the basis of bilingual interviews with living community members, we argue that the community’s attitude toward Afrikaans as a language of group identity, as well as the relative isolation of the community in rural Patagonia in the first half of the 20th century, were both decisive factors in delaying the process of linguistic assimilation. Only in the middle of the 20th century, when the community came into greater contact with Argentine society as a result of modernization and schooling in the region, did the process of linguistic integration begin in a measurable way.

scholarly journals Reliance on Predicative Units as a Method of Analysing and Translating Amharic Written Texts

Aethiopica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iosif Fridman
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Students ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
The Third ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Finite Verb

In analysing and translating Amharic texts, most foreign students have experienced major problems while trying to ‘redirect’ the rigidly leftbranching syntax of Amharic into the predominantly right-branching syntax of most European languages. The way out of this difficulty proposed by some teachers of Amharic consists in the so-called ‘translating from the end’ principle: the student begins to decipher the structure of an Amharic sentence from the finite verb form at its very end and gradually proceeds towards the beginning of the sentence, untangling—one by one—the syntactic structures involved. In the course of teaching Amharic, I have found this method largely inadequate for the purpose it is supposed to achieve. As an alternative to the ‘translating from the end’ method the author proposes another strategy which could be termed ‘reliance on predicative units’. In using this strategy, the student should, first of all, single out verb forms which are likely to perform the function of (final or dependent) predicates. The second step consists in delimiting groups, or units, headed by every such verb form. The third step is to provide a rough, working translation of every such unit without taking into consideration its relations to the other units in the sentence. The fourth, and final, step consists in joining the translations of the predicative units together; at this stage, detailed knowledge of Amharic morphosyntactic rules is very much required.

scholarly journals Conceptual representations and figurative language in language shift

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maïa Ponsonnet
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conceptual Representation ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Conceptual Representations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Linguistic Conventions

AbstractThis article explores the correlations between linguistic figurative features and their corresponding conceptual representations, by considering their respective continuities and discontinuities in language shift. I compare the figurative encoding of emotions in Kriol, a creole of northern Australia, with those of Dalabon, one of the languages replaced by this creole, with a particular focus on evidence from metaphorical gestures. The conclusions are three-fold. Firstly, the prominent figurative association between the body and the emotions observed in Dalabon is, overall, not matched in Kriol. Secondly, although this association is not prominent in Kriol, it is not entirely absent. It surfaces where speakers are less constrained by linguistic conventions: in non-conventionalized tropes, and gestures in particular. Indeed, some of the verbal emotion metaphors that have disappeared with language shift are preserved as gestural metaphors. Thus, Kriol speakers endorse the conceptual association between emotions and the body, in spite of the lower linguistic incidence of this association. The third conclusion is that therefore, in language shift, conceptual figurative representations and linguistic figurative representations are independent of each other. The former can persist when the latter largely disappear. Conversely, the fact that speakers endorse a certain type of conceptual representation does not entail that they will use corresponding linguistic forms in the new language. The transfer of linguistic figurative representations seems to depend, instead, upon purely linguistic parameters.

Progress report on 21-cm observations at low latitude between longitudes (l 11) 0° and 66°

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 177-179
Author(s):  
W. W. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
The Third ◽  
Introductory Lecture ◽  
Centre Region

In the course of several 21-cm observing programmes being carried out by the Leiden Observatory with the 25-meter telescope at Dwingeloo, a fairly complete, though inhomogeneous, survey of the regionl11= 0° to 66° at low galactic latitudes is becoming available. The essential data on this survey are presented in Table 1. Oort (1967) has given a preliminary report on the first and third investigations. The third is discussed briefly by Kerr in his introductory lecture on the galactic centre region (Paper 42). Burton (1966) has published provisional results of the fifth investigation, and I have discussed the sixth in Paper 19. All of the observations listed in the table have been completed, but we plan to extend investigation 3 to a much finer grid of positions.

The orbit of Pluto over a long interval of time

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Orbit ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Circular Restricted Problem ◽  
Resonance Relation

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.

Monte Carlo Algorithms for Moments of Transition Arrays

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 79-81
Author(s):  
A. Goldberg ◽  
S.D. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Basis Vector ◽  
Collective State ◽  
Dispersion Characteristics ◽  
Dipole Strength ◽  
The Third ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithms ◽  
Third Moment ◽  
Very High

AbstractClosed expressions for the first, second, and (in some cases) the third moment of atomic transition arrays now exist. Recently a method has been developed for getting to very high moments (up to the 12th and beyond) in cases where a “collective” state-vector (i.e. a state-vector containing the entire electric dipole strength) can be created from each eigenstate in the parent configuration. Both of these approaches give exact results. Herein we describe astatistical(or Monte Carlo) approach which requires onlyonerepresentative state-vector |RV> for the entire parent manifold to get estimates of transition moments of high order. The representation is achieved through the random amplitudes associated with each basis vector making up |RV>. This also gives rise to the dispersion characterizing the method, which has been applied to a system (in the M shell) with≈250,000 lines where we have calculated up to the 5th moment. It turns out that the dispersion in the moments decreases with the size of the manifold, making its application to very big systems statistically advantageous. A discussion of the method and these dispersion characteristics will be presented.

Probe size and 5th-order aberration

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 134-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Shao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Cylindrical Symmetry ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Probe Radius ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Probe Size

A small electron probe has many applications in many fields and in the case of the STEM, the probe size essentially determines the ultimate resolution. However, there are many difficulties in obtaining a very small probe.Spherical aberration is one of them and all existing probe forming systems have non-zero spherical aberration. The ultimate probe radius is given byδ = 0.43Csl/4ƛ3/4where ƛ is the electron wave length and it is apparent that δ decreases only slowly with decreasing Cs. Scherzer pointed out that the third order aberration coefficient always has the same sign regardless of the field distribution, provided only that the fields have cylindrical symmetry, are independent of time and no space charge is present. To overcome this problem, he proposed a corrector consisting of octupoles and quadrupoles.

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