scholarly journals Chapter 1. The Scene: From Prehistory to Peter I “the Great”

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
European Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Language change does not happen in a vacuum. In order to understand how Russian came to be the way it is you need some background knowledge about the prehistory and history of the Russians and their Slavic relatives. In this chapter, you will learn about the Slavic and Indo-European languages in Europe (section 1.1) and the ancestor languages that Russian has developed from (section 1.2). In sections 1.3–1.4, we explore the prehistory of the Slavs, before we turn to a brief overview of Russian history before Peter I “the Great” in sections 1.5–1.11. While reading the chapter, make use of the chronological overview of important historical events and periods in section 1.12.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3491/128" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">1.4 Migrations</span></a> - licensed under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC-BY 4.0</a></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3491/129" target="_self">1.4 Rus</a> - licensed under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC-BY 4.0</a><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"><br /></span></p>

scholarly journals Chapter 3. The Toolbox: Linguistic Tools for Analyzing the History of Russian

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Slavic Language ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
History Of

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">In chapter 1 you learned that Russian belongs to the Slavic language family, which evolved from a reconstructed ancestor language called “Proto-Slavic”. You may ask how we reconstruct ancestor languages and describe language change. This chapter addresses these questions and provides you with some linguistic tools you need in order to analyze the history of Russian.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3493/146">3.4 Family Tree Model</a><br /></span></p>

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rembert Lutjeharms
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Poetry And Poetics ◽  
Sanskrit Poetics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sanskrit Poetry ◽  
The Way

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book—Kavikarṇapūra, theology, Sanskrit poetry, and Sanskrit poetics—and provides an overview of each chapter. It briefly highlights the importance of the practice of poetry for the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava tradition, places Kavikarṇapūra in the (political) history of sixteenth‐century Bengal and Orissa as well as sketches his place in the early developments of the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava tradition (a topic more fully explored in Chapter 1). The chapter also reflects more generally on the nature of both his poetry and poetics, and highlights the way Kavikarṇapūra has so far been studied in modern scholarship.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Methods in Historical Linguistics: Greek as a Case Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne O. Mooers ◽  
Panayiotis A. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Current Frequency ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Lexical Change ◽  
History Of

AbstractWe review and assess the different ways in which research in evolutionary-theory-inspired biology has influenced research in historical linguistics, and then focus on an evolutionary-theory inspired claim for language change made by Pagel et al. (2007). They report that the more Swadesh-list lexemes are used, the less likely they are to change across 87 Indo-European languages, and posit that frequency-of-use of a lexical item is a separate and general mechanism of language change. We test a corollary of this conclusion, namely that current frequency-of-use should predict the amount of change within individual languages through time. We devise a scale of lexical change that recognizes sound change, analogical change and lexical replacement and apply it to cognate pairs on the Swadesh list between Homeric and Modern Greek. Current frequency-of-use only weakly predicts the amount of change within the history of Greek, but amount of change does predict the number of forms across Indo-European. Given that current frequency-of-use and past frequency-of-use may be only weakly correlated for many Swadesh-list lexemes, and given previous research that shows that frequency-of-use can both hinder and facilitate lexical change, we conclude that it is premature to claim that a new mechanism of language change has been discovered. However, we call for more in-depth comparative study of general mechanisms of language change, including further tests of the frequency-of-use hypothesis.

scholarly journals Chapter 2. The Texts: Writing and Literature in Kievan Rus’ and Muscovy

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Cursive Script ◽  
History Of

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">In the previous chapter, we explored the history of medieval Russia. We now turn to an important characteristic of this society – the emergence of writing and literature. Needless to say, medieval texts are interesting in and of themselves, but the texts are of particular interest to us as historical linguists, since they represent a major source of data. This chapter provides you with important background knowledge about writing, alphabets, texts and literature. Questions we will consider include: How did writing come to Kievan Rus’? Which alphabets were used? In what language were the texts written? What was the standard language in Kievan Rus’? What kinds of texts have come down to us? Although this chapter is by no means a detailed history of medieval literature, you will learn about some important literary genres and key texts. Finally, this chapter gives you an opportunity to reflect on the differences between the medieval and modern concepts of literature.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3492/154"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">2.2 Alphabet: uncial, semi-uncial and cursive script</span></a></p>

“The Way You Enter a Church”: The Dialectics of Ken Burns’s Baseball

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-514
Author(s):  
David Jenemann
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Philosophical Beliefs ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Taken as a whole, Ken Burns’s 1994 documentary Baseball and its 2010 follow-up The Tenth Inning stand as some of the most influential documentaries on the history of American sports. Baseball develops the link between the “fun” of the game and philosophical beliefs about American democracy through a “dialectical aesthetic” that operates through Baseball’s choice of subjects and historical events as well as through its formal documentary strategies. While many critics dismiss Baseball as overly nostalgic, this essay argues that Baseball engages the reader with the dialectic to encourage self-reflection about the future of the game and its role in civil society.

Fond of Raissa Gourevich-Kroll-De Chirico-Calza (Raissa Lork) in the Library of Humanities, Siena

2018 ◽  
pp. 294-305
Author(s):  
Anna V. Uriadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Central State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Private Collections

The article strives to describe the fond of Raissa Calza (1897–1979) in the Library of Humanities of Siena and documents in it. For this purpose, the author has carried out the following tasks: she has studied Russian and foreign historiography on the issue; she has analyzed sources on the issue; and drawing on these, she has studied the biography of Raisa Calza; she has reviewed the archival fond and analyzed its documents. Having reviewed the historiography, the author comes to the conclusion that the fate of Raisa Calza, her creativity, and scientific work has been poorly studied, especially by Russian historians. There are few articles dedicated to the Calza collection in the Library of Humanities. Studying the sources (personal and business letters, diary, notebooks, memoirs, photographs, scientific works) associated with Raisa and her connections allows to identify their nature and main features and to supplement, clarify, and flesh out the biography of Raissa Calza. These documents are sources on more than everyday life and microhistory. They can be used in studying the history of Russian emigration, of Russian-Italian cultural relations, of archeology. The fate of Raisa Calza is interesting in itself, as a fate of a woman, an individual, amidst historical events of the 20th century. The chronological frameworks of the study coincide with the chronology of Raisa Calza’s documents preserved in the Siena’s library (1900s-1970s). The article includes an overview of the creation of the archive in the Library of Humanities of Siena and that of the Raissa Calza fond, which came into existence when she donated her documents to the Library in 1970s. The article studies the structure of the Raissa Calza fond: boxes I, VI – letters, postcards, telegrams, dairy, history of Gourevitch, Tumarkin and Frenkley families; II-IV – ‘Ostia’ containing materials on the excavations of Antic Ostia; V – various documents, boxes of photos. The author concludes that these sources should be introduces into scientific use. The collection proves that documents on Russian history are available not only in central state archives and private collections, but also in universities. It challenges historians to start researching universities libraries and archives. The article also names other foreign archives containing documents of Raissa Calza.

scholarly journals A perspective on a period of contact between Khoi and Afrikaans

Literator ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christo Van Rensburg
Keyword(s):  
Social Roles ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Border Area ◽  
European Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

In the search for the roots of Afrikaans, early linguists focused on similarities between Afrikaans and Dutch. The influence of non-European languages received little attention. In the course of time, the focus of this field of study changed. Closer attention was paid to language in contact situations in different regions where non-Dutch speakers, as well as Dutch speakers were involved. Data gained from these studies contributed to a better understanding of the origin and history of Afrikaans, and gave more answers to earlier unsolved questions. Discussed here are the details and importance of the contact and the interchange of languages among groups in the interior border area. Khoi-Afrikaans and stock farmers’ Afrikaans were both spoken in this region and gradually modified between 1700 and 1800. This could easily have been the most important phase in the history of Afrikaans, in which there were fundamental changes in the way the language was spoken. The circumstances under which contact took place and the change in social roles of these two languages are also discussed. Forms that were at first stigmatised as Khoi-Afrikaans, later became part of the general Afrikaans vocabulary and grammar. The central question is: How did this happen? The shifting of the norms regarding the spoken language in the interior border area can be understood when the sociohistorical situation in which these varieties of Afrikaans were used, is studied closely. One of the results of this contact and interchange between languages, and the gradual shifting in norms that followed, is discussed by way of illustration: the Khoi usage of ‘ons’ as subject and its integration into everyday Afrikaans.

scholarly journals The Popularity of F. M. Dostoyevsky’s Prose in China and the Challenges of its Translation into Chinese (exemplified by his novel “Humiliated and Insulted”) Part 1

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
В. Цзиньлин
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Current Issue ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Prose Fiction ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
History Of

В статье обобщается история переводов и популяризации творчества Ф. М. Достоевского в Китае, выявляются трудности перевода его произведений на китайский язык на примере романа «Униженные и оскорбленные» в переводе Ло Цзыляна. Восприятие и понимание художественного текста предполагает расшифровку авторского смысла, индивидуального авторского кода. Задача перевода состоит в максимально полном обеспечении полноценной коммуникативной замены оригинала и отождествлении с ним в содержательном, мыслительном, психологическом, эмоционально-оценочном и межкультурно-коммуникативном отношении. Самые большие трудности при переводе произведений Достоевского на китайский язык связаны с эмоционально-экспрессивными компонентами и культурно-фоновыми знаниями, которые имплицитно содержатся в языковых единицах. Чтобы справиться с упомянутыми трудностями, переводчик обязан в первую очередь достигнуть полного понимания авторского замысла, учитывая каждый культурно-эмоциональный компонент и имплицитный смысл каждой художественной детали. Полное понимание произведений Достоевского и их адекватный перевод на любой иностранный язык требует более тщательной работы над материалами по истории России середины ХХ века, связанными с жизнью и творчеством писателя, с фоновыми культурными знаками той эпохи, что позволяет выбрать способ перевода с помощью компенсации, комментирования, трансформации, синонимических замен, эмоционально-экспрессивных эквивалентов, стилистических преобразований и других тактик для осуществления эстетически эквивалентного художественного перевода. В первой части статьи трудности перевода рассматриваются на материале некоторых лексических трудностей: иностранных вкраплений и модальных фразеологизмов. Во второй части предполагается сопоставить оригинал и перевод на синтаксическом, стилистическом и культурологическом уровнях. The paper reviews the century-long history of translating and publishing the works of Dostoyevsky in China. It also examines the challenges of translating Dostoyevsky with examples drawn from his novel “Humiliated and Insulted”, which was translated by Luo Jiliang, a well-known translator of prose fiction. Profound comprehension of a literary work presupposes deciphering of the author’s message, his individual code. And its adequate translation consists in rendering all the meaningful elements of the code, so that the substitutions in the receptor language, inescapable as they are, re-create the original on the levels of content, philosophy, psychology, emotions and judgments, as well as the intercultural-communicative aspect. Comparative analysis shows that the greatest challenges of translating Dostoyevsky are those related to the emotive-expressive components and to background knowledge of Russian culture of the time, implicitly suggested by the language units. Thence the importance of examining every shade of emotion and the minutest culture-bound details. A translator of Dostoyevsky is to study materials on Russian history of the period connected with the life and works of the writer, with cultural landmarks of the time, so as to make a well-grounded translation decision, choosing among comment, compensation, transformation, substitution and other techniques ensuring adequate translation. In the first part of our analysis, presented in the current issue, we only dwell on some lexical challenges (foreignisms and modal phrases), to be followed by comparative analysis on the syntactical, stylistic and cultural levels.

The Narrative Complexity of History

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Sean Akerman
Keyword(s):  
History Of ◽  
Holocaust Narratives ◽  
The Way

Chapter 1 discusses the importance of using narrative as a way to understand the history of an exiled group, for both that group and outsiders interested in the group’s history. The author draws on psychological analyses of Holocaust narratives to discuss how that atrocity shaped many of the conventions of speaking and writing about life and displacement after violence. This provides a framework for what comes next: a discussion of the history of Tibet since the first mass exodus in 1959, by way of the stories that have been told about death and survival. The emphasis of this discussion is on the way that exiled groups often embody historical tensions, creating narratives that move across several planes at once.

UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE CHANGE.April M. S. McMahon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xi + 361. $17.95 cloth, $14.36 paper.

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-412
Author(s):  
Robert Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
Language Attrition ◽  
Intended Audience ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Contact Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Evolution

This book, based on an undergraduate course at Cambridge University, provides a comprehensive introduction to language change. Chapter 1 sets forth the history of the study of language change and the basic questions in the field. The remainder of the book is divided into two parts. Chapters 2–7 examine internally motivated change at the phonological, syntactic, semantic, and lexical levels. Within each chapter, the author outlines important theoretical positions, from the Neogrammarians to the generative work of Lightfoot and more recent studies of grammaticalization. Although, as McMahon notes, the separation of types of language change by levels involves considerable idealization, the result is greater clarity of organization. The second part (Chapters 8–12), which is concerned with language contact, language variation, pidgins and creoles, language attrition and death, and linguistic evolution, is organized topically. It is this section that is perhaps of most interest to students of SLA. As in the first section, McMahon reviews the perspectives on language change that emerge from a wide variety of classic studies, including Bickerton's work on Guyanese Creole and Dorian's studies of East Sutherland Gaelic. Although specialists might be disappointed to see their favorite studies missing, the examples provide an effective introduction for the intended audience of undergraduates.

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