scholarly journals Oral versus Nasal Breathing during Moderate to High Intensity Submaximal Aerobic Exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chase O. LaComb ◽  
Richard D. Tandy ◽  
Szu Ping Lee ◽  
John C. Young ◽  
James W. Navalta
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Oral Breathing ◽  
Submaximal Aerobic Exercise

Introduction: When comparing oral breathing versus nasal breathing, a greater volume of air can be transported through the oral passageway but nasal breathing may also have benefits at submaximal exercise intensities. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine breathing efficiency during increasing levels of submaximal aerobic exercise. Methods: Nineteen individuals (males N=9, females N=10) completed a test for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and on separate days 4-min treadmill runs at increasing submaximal intensities (50%, 65%, and 80% of VO2max) under conditions of oral breathing or nasal breathing. Respiratory (respiration rate [RR], pulmonary ventilation [VE]), metabolic (oxygen consumption [VO2], carbon dioxide production [VCO2]) and efficiency measures (ventilatory equivalents for oxygen [Veq×O2-1] and carbon dioxide [Veq×CO2-1] were obtained. Data were analyzed utilizing a 2 (sex) x 2 (condition) x3 (intensity) repeated measures ANOVA with significance accepted at p≤0.05. Results: Significant interactions existed between breathing mode and intensity such that oral breathing resulted in greater RR, VE, VO2, and VCO2 at all three submaximal intensities (p<.05).  Veq×O2-1 and Veq×CO2-1 presented findings that nasal breathing was more efficient than oral breathing during the 65% and 80% VO2max intensities (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on this analysis, oral breathing provides greater respiratory and metabolic volumes during moderate and moderate-to-high submaximal exercise intensities, but may not translate to greater respiratory efficiency. However when all variables are considered together, it is likely that oral breathing represents the more efficient mode, particularly at higher exercise intensities.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF EPOC AND RECOVERY ENERGY EXPENDITURE BETWEEN HIIT AND CONTINUOUS AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus Ahlert ◽  
Fernando Matzenbacher ◽  
José Carlos dos Santos Albarello ◽  
Gustavo Henrique Halmenschlager
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Intensity Interval

ABSTRACT Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare EPOC - excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and recovery energy expenditure between high intensity interval aerobic exercise (HIIT) and continuous aerobic exercise in adult amateur runners. Methods: The study included 10 runners, with a mean age of 35.7 ± 5.87 years, height 1.69 ± 0.11 m; body mass 74.13 ± 11.26 kg; fat percentage 19.31 ± 4.27% and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of 3.50 ± 0.64 l/kg/min-1. The continuous aerobic exercise protocol consisted of 20 minutes of running with intensity of 70-75% HRmax. Two 20-second cycles of 8 sprints were performed for HIIT at the highest possible speed, with 10 seconds of rest and a 3-minute interval between cycles. The sample group performed the two protocols at least 48 hours and at most one week apart. EPOC was observed using ergospirometry after the running protocols, and mean consumption was analyzed between 25-30 minutes after exercise. Oxygen consumption at 9-10 minutes was used for resting consumption. The study has a cross-sectional experimental design. Results: Oxygen consumption of 0.57 ± 0.29l/kg/min1 and energy expenditure of 2.84 ± 1.44 kcal/min were observed for continuous aerobic exercise, with values of 0.61 ± 0.62 l/kg/min−1 and 3.06 ± 1.10 kcal/min respectively (p <0.05) for HIIT. Conclusion: The protocols performed did not show a statistically significant difference in terms of EPOC and energy expenditure, but the performance of HIIT increased lipid metabolism for exercise recovery, which may favor the weight loss process. Moreover, this activity model takes up less time. Level of evidence I, randomized clinical trial.

scholarly journals Graded aerobic treadmill testing in pediatric sports-related concussion: safety, clinical use, and patient outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Cordingley ◽  
Richard Girardin ◽  
Karen Reimer ◽  
Lesley Ritchie ◽  
Jeff Leiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Exercise Prescription ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Treadmill Testing ◽  
Submaximal Aerobic Exercise

OBJECTIVEThe objectives of this study were 2-fold: 1) to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and clinical use of graded aerobic treadmill testing in pediatric patients with sports-related concussion (SRC), and 2) to evaluate the clinical outcomes of treatment with a submaximal aerobic exercise program in patients with physiological post-concussion disorder (PCD).METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients (age < 20 years) with SRC who were referred to a multidisciplinary pediatric concussion program and underwent graded aerobic treadmill testing between October 9, 2014, and February 11, 2016. Clinical assessments were carried out by a single neurosurgeon and included clinical history taking, physical examination, and recording specific patient-reported concussion-related symptoms using the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS). Graded aerobic treadmill testing using a modified Balke protocol for incremental increases in intensity was used as a diagnostic tool to assess physiological recovery, classify post-concussion syndrome (PCS) subtype, and reassess patients following treatment. Patients with a symptom-limited threshold on treadmill testing (physiological PCD) were treated with an individually tailored submaximal exercise prescription and multidisciplinary targeted therapies.RESULTSOne hundred six patients (mean age 15.1 years, range 11–19 years) with SRC underwent a total of 141 treadmill tests. There were no serious complications related to treadmill testing in this study. Overall, 138 (97.9%) of 141 tests were well tolerated and contributed valuable clinical information. Treadmill testing confirmed physiological recovery in 63 (96.9%) of 65 patients tested, allowing successful return to play in 61 (93.8%). Treadmill testing was used to diagnose physiological PCD in 58 patients and cervicogenic PCD in 1 patient. Of the 41 patients with physiological PCD who had complete follow-up and were treated with tailored submaximal exercise prescription, 37 (90.2%) were classified as clinically improved and 33 (80.5%) successfully returned to sporting activities. Patients who did not respond or experienced an incomplete response to submaximal aerobic exercise treatment included 7 patients with migraine headaches and 1 patient with a postinjury psychiatric disorder.CONCLUSIONSGraded aerobic treadmill testing is a safe, tolerable, and clinically valuable tool that can assist in the evaluation and management of pediatric SRC. Future research is needed to confirm the clinical value of this tool in return-to-play decision making. Studies are also needed to understand the pathophysiology of physiological PCD and the effects of targeted treatment.

Training-induced changes in hormonal and metabolic responses to submaximal exercise

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 766-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Winder ◽  
R. C. Hickson ◽  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
A. A. Ehsani ◽  
J. A. McLane
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Plasma Glucagon ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Ergometer Test ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer Test

Plasma glucagon and catecholamines increase during prolonged submaximal exercise, but the magnitude of the increase is less in endurance-trained individuals than in untrained subjects. We have studied the rapidity at which this adaptation occurs. Six initially untrained healthy subjects exercised vigorously (on bicycle ergometers and by running) 30–50 min/day, 6 days/wk, for 9 wk. Prior to the beginning of training and at 3-wk intervals thereafter, participants were subjected to 90-min bicycle ergometer test work loads that elicited 58 +/- 2% of the subjects' initial maximal oxygen consumption. The major proportion of the training-induced decrement in plasma glucagon and catecholamine responses to exercise was seen after 3 wk of training. We conclude that the hormonal component of the training adaptation occurs very early in the course of a vigorous endurance training program.

scholarly journals Caffeine effects on velocity selection and physiological responses during RPE production

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1077-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Green ◽  
Alyssa Olenick ◽  
Caroline Eastep ◽  
Lee Winchester
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Velocity Selection

Caffeine (CAF) blunts estimated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) but the effects on RPE production are unclear. This study examined effects of acute caffeine ingestion during treadmill exercise where participants exercised at prescribed RPE 4 and 7. Recreational runners (maximal oxygen consumption = 51.4 ± 9.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) (n = 16) completed a maximal treadmill test followed by trials where they selected treadmill velocity (VEL) (1% grade) to produce RPE 4 and RPE 7 (10 min each). RPE production trials followed CAF (6 mg·kg−1) or placebo (PLA) (counterbalanced) ingestion. Participants were blinded to treadmill VEL but the Omni RPE scale was in full view. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed a main effect (trial) for VEL (CAF ∼5 m·min−1 faster) for RPE 4 (p = 0.07) and RPE 7 (p = 0.03). Mean heart rate and oxygen consumption responses were consistently higher for CAF but failed to reach statistical significance. Individual responses to CAF were labeled positive using a criterion of 13.4 m·min−1 faster for CAF (vs. PLA). Ten of 32 trials (31%) were positive responses. In these, systematic increases were observed for heart rate (∼12 beats·min−1) and oxygen consumption (∼5.7 mL·kg−1·min−1). Blunted/stable respiratory exchange ratio values at higher VEL for positive responders suggest increased free fatty acid reliance during CAF. In conlusion, mean results show a mild effect of CAF during RPE production. However, individual responses more clearly indicate whether a true effect is possible. Trainers and individuals should consider individual responses to ensure effectively intensity regulation.

Sequence variation in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A): association with maximal oxygen consumption

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Prior ◽  
James M. Hagberg ◽  
Dana A. Phares ◽  
Michael D. Brown ◽  
Liane Fairfull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Specific Allele

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) is a DNA transcription factor composed of two subunits, one of which is regulated by hypoxia (HIF1α, encoded by HIF1A). Genes regulated by HIF1 are involved in the processes of angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and metabolism, making HIF1A a candidate gene in establishing maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o2 max) before and after aerobic exercise training. The purpose of the present study was to screen HIF1A for sequence variation and determine whether such variation is associated with V˙o2 max before and after aerobic exercise training. A total of 233 Caucasian and African-American subjects were available for screening of HIF1A and determination of allele frequencies, with 155 of those subjects used to study V˙o2 max in relation to identified variants. We measured V˙o2 max before and after 24 wk of aerobic exercise training. Screening revealed several rare and common polymorphisms in HIF1A with race-specific allele frequencies. African Americans with AT or TT genotype at the A−2500T locus exhibited significantly lower baseline V˙o2 max compared with those of AA genotype (21.9 ± 0.99 vs. 25.1 ± 1.0, P = 0.03). An age by P582S (C/T) genotype interaction was observed in Caucasian subjects, such that those of CT or TT genotype exhibited significantly lower change in V˙o2 max after training than those of CC genotype when compared at ages 65 and 60 yr, but not at age 55 yr. No other significant differences were noted among genotype groups at the A−2500T, P582S, or T+140C sites. Based on these findings, we conclude that HIF1A sequence variation is associated with V˙o2 max before and after aerobic exercise training in older humans.

scholarly journals Increasing Iron Status through Dietary Supplementation in Iron-Depleted, Sedentary Women Increases Endurance Performance at Both Near-Maximal and Submaximal Exercise Intensities

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M Pompano ◽  
Jere D Haas
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Mean Difference

ABSTRACT Background Iron deficiency persists as the most common micronutrient deficiency globally, despite having known detrimental effects on physical performance. Although iron supplementation and aerobic exercise have been examined individually and are known to improve physical performance, the impact of simultaneous iron supplementation and aerobic training remains unclear. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the individual and combined effects of iron supplementation and aerobic training on improving maximal and submaximal physical performance in iron-depleted, nonanemic (IDNA) women. We hypothesized that women receiving iron would improve their endurance performance but not their estimated maximal oxygen consumption (eVO2max). Methods Seventy-three sedentary, previously untrained IDNA (serum ferritin <25 µg/L and hemoglobin >110 g/L) women aged 18–26 y with a body mass index (kg/m2) of 17–25 participated in a double-blind, 8-wk, randomized controlled trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design including iron supplementation (42 mg elemental Fe/d) or placebo and aerobic exercise training (5 d/wk for 25 min at 75–85% of age-predicted maximum heart rate) or no training. Linear models were used to examine relations between training, supplement, and changes in the primary outcomes of observed maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and eVO2max and ventilatory threshold (absolute oxygen consumption and percentage of maximum). Re-evaluation of a published meta-analysis was used to compare effects of iron supplementation on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and VO2peak. Results There were significant training-by-supplement interactions for VO2peak, volume of oxygen consumption at the ventilatory threshold, and the percentage of eVO2max where the threshold occurred, with the iron-untrained group performing better than the placebo-untrained group. There was no beneficial effect of iron supplementation for VO2max (mean difference: 0.53; 95% CI: −0.75, 1.81; P = 0.42), but a significant benefit was observed for VO2peak (mean difference: 1.87; 95% CI: 0.15, 3.60; P = 0.03). Conclusions Iron supplementation increases endurance performance at submaximal and maximal (VO2peak) exercise intensities in IDNA women. However, increasing iron status does not increase eVO2max. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03002090.

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