The Proliferation and Codification of the Laws of War

Wars of Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 11-37
Author(s):  
Tanisha M. Fazal
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
Legal Standing ◽  
History Of

This chapter makes three arguments in presenting a history of the development of the laws of war governing belligerent conduct. First, the laws of war have increased dramatically in number over the past 150 years. Second, military participation in international humanitarian lawmaking has similarly decreased dramatically. And third, the laws of war were designed by states and meant to govern interstate war; rebel groups in civil war are typically only mentioned with the purpose of denying them international legal standing. The analysis in this chapter is based on original content analysis of the commentaries to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions.

International Recognition, Compliance Costs, and the Formalities of War

Wars of Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 38-71
Author(s):  
Tanisha M. Fazal
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
International Community ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Compliance Costs ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
Peace Treaties

This chapter develops the main arguments of the book, focusing on how belligerents in interstate and civil war have reacted to the development of the laws of war detailed in Chapter 2. States involved in interstate war are perversely incentivized to evade the laws of war as these laws have proliferated. Thus, they are decreasingly likely to engage the formalities of war, specifically declarations of war and peace treaties. Secessionist rebel groups fighting civil wars aim to please the international community, and therefore are decreasingly likely to declare independence formally, generally likely to avoid targeting civilians, and increasingly likely to conclude peace treaties.

War and Religion: A Very Short Introduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolyon Mitchell ◽  
Joshua Rey
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Just War ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
Religious People ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

War and Religion: A Very Short Introduction traces the history of religion and war. Is religion a force for war or a force for peace? From the crusades to Sri Lanka's civil war, religion has been involved in some of the most terrible wars in history. Yet from the Mahabharata to just war theory, religion has also provided ethical frameworks to moderate war, while some of the bravest pacifists have been deeply religious people. Ranging from ancient history to modern day conflicts, this VSI offers a nuanced view on these issues that have had such weight in the past, and which continue to shape the present and future.

Missing Millions: The Demographic Costs of the Mexican Revolution

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McCaa
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
History Of ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
The Revolution

The Mexican Revolution was a demographic disaster, but there is little agreement about the human cost or its demographic components. Were the missing millions due to war deaths, epidemics, emigration, lost births, or simply census error or evasion? Reading the demographic history of the Revolution from a subsequent census, such as the highly regarded enumeration of 1930, yields more precise figures than those obtained from the usual benchmark, the census of 1921. The 1930 figures are of better quality and, therefore, more suitable for making an assessment by age and sex. This analysis shows that in terms of lives lost, the Mexican Revolution was a demographic catastrophe, comparable to the Spanish Civil War, which has been ranked the ninth deadliest international conflict over the past two centuries. La Revolucióón Mexicana fue un desastre demográáfico; sin embargo, no existe consenso en el monto de la péérdida demográáfica ni de sus componentes. ¿¿Los millones perdidos fueron por la emigracióón, la mortalidad por epidemias, las muertes por la guerra, la caíída en el núúmero de nacimientos, o simplemente error estadíístico? Leyendo la historia demográáfica de la Revolucióón de un censo posterior, como por ejemplo el de 1930, ya que goza de reconocimiento por su calidad y confiabilidad, puede llevarse a cifras, por sexo y edad, mejor fundamentadas. En téérminos de las péérdidas de vidas, las nuevas estimaciones colocan a la Revolucióón Mexicana, junto con la Guerra Civil Españñola, como la novena guerra con mayor mortalidad en el contexto internacional, en los úúltimos dos siglos.

scholarly journals SIRAH DALAM MENEGAK PERUBAHAN SOSIAL MENGIKUT PANDANGAN SYEIKH SAID RAMADAN AL-BUTI

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Nurul Salsabila Abu Bakar ◽  
Mohd Nazri Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Western Civilization ◽  
Islamic Society

The life of  Prophet Muhammad/ Sirah Rasullullah, SAW, (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is one of the written works of scholars to be featured as having played a major role in developing da'wah and Islamic Shari'ahs around the world from the past. The bond between Moslems and the prophet is strong so the Moslems can use sirah as a reference to strengthen faith, morals, foster the struggle of Islam and encourage the Muslim to hold on to the truth.  This study will highlight the role of the sirah in strengthening the social aspect of society and this will be seen based on the views of Sheikh Ramadan al-Buti. Content analysis is  used to analyze Fiqh as-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah. The data was analysed descriptively and explanatory. The findings show that the need for a sirah approach in the social aspect is high for the good of  social aspect itself. However, Syeikh Ramadan al-Buti has opened the opportunity so that the aspects of the sirah is applied to the social change of the Islamic society from time to time. The implications of the study show that the Prophet's sirah/life has succeeded in forming a good Islamic Government over the history of Western civilization. Sirah Rasulullah SAW merupakan salah satu karya penulisan ulama perlu diketengahkan kerana telah memainkan peranan yang besar dalam mengembangkan dakwah dan syariat Islam diseluruh dunia sejak dahulu lagi. Mempelajari sirah Nabi ini bukanlah semata-mata untuk mengetahui peristiwa menarik dan aneh yang berlaku di zaman Nabi SAW.Pengkajian sirah ini juga bukan sekadar ingin mengetahui peristiwa-peristiwa yang telah melakar sejarah sebagaimana kajian-kajian sejarah yang lain sebagai contoh sejarah hidup seorang khalifah atau sejarah tamadun yang silam. Sirah juga bukanlah sekadar satu kisah yang dibaca pada hari keputeraan baginda SAW sahaja. Apa yang lebih besar sebenarnya adalah ikatan seseorang Muslim dengan Rasulnya sehinggakan pada akhirnya Muslim itu berjaya menjadikan sirah sebagai sesuatu yang dapat menambahkan iman, memperelok akhlak, menyemarakkan perjuangan Islam serta dapat mendorong Muslim itu untuk terus berpegang dengan kebenaran dan seterusnya istiqamah kepadanya. Kajian ini akan mengetengahkan peranan sirah dalam mengukuhkan aspek sosial masyarakat dan perkara ini akan dilihat berdasarkan kepada pandangan Syeikh Ramadan al-Buti. Kaedah analisis kandungan akan digunakan dalam mengkaji kitab Fiqh as-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah bagi mendapatkan data. Data tersebut akan dianalisis secara deskriptif dan eksplanatori. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa keperluan pendekatan sirah dalam aspek sosial adalah tinggi bagi membentuk aspek sosial yang baik itu sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, Syeikh Ramadan al-Buti telah membuka ruang sepenuhnya supaya aspek sirah diaplikasikan kedalam perubahan sosial masyarakat islam dari masa ke semasa. Implikasi kajian menunjukkan bahawa sirah Rasulullah telah berjaya membentuk satu Kerajaan Islam yang baik berbanding sejarah tamadun Barat yang musnah ekoran tiada sisa-sisa kemanusiaan yang dihidupkan.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Sastra Sufi (Content Analysis Karya-karya Sastra Indonesia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Lidya Arman
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The Past ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changing Times

Literary work is an inseparable part of human life. Literature appears along with the history of human existence. In fact, it can be said that from the literature produced, it reflected the support of human civilization. As a social institution, literature reflects the expression of appreciation and inner experience of the narrator or the author of certain authors or situations. Literature always experiences development along with changing times and the emergence of new thoughts in every aspect of life. This also applies in the world of literature. Parallel aspects will show a clear picture of literature from the past until now. Methodologically this research uses library research or library research. The object of the study in this study is Sufi literary works. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative, in which this study describes not intended to test certain hypotheses. Literary works with religious characteristics will be able to direct readers to make conscience more serious, pious and conscientious in inner consideration. So that religious works make the reader pensive and template.

Declaring War and Peace

Wars of Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tanisha M. Fazal
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Peace Treaties

This chapter introduces the argument of the book: that the proliferation of the laws of war over the past 150 years has incentivized states to evade the laws of war, and secessionist rebel groups to engage with the laws of war. This argument will be developed via investigation of four main questions: (1) why have states stopped declaring war in their wars with each other?; (2) why have states stopped concluding peace treaties in their wars with each other?; (3) why have secessionist groups stopped declaring independence formally?; and, (4) why is there an increase in peace treaties concluding civil wars?

Foreign policy during intrastate and extrastate conflict : patterns of support, retaliation, and opportunism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Colton P. Heffington
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Discernible Effect ◽  
State Sponsorship ◽  
The University ◽  
Previous Scholarship

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] This project examines how states and international organizations (IOs) interact with rebel groups involved in civil conflict to achieve their own goals. I argue that rebel groups in other states are an increasingly important component of interstate war and that states strategically support rebels in other states to weaken their rivals while avoiding retaliation. Previous research on state sponsorship of rebels in other states has viewed state-sponsored rebels as substitutes for their sponsors' militaries. My research shows that externally-sponsored rebels are sometimes substitutes for foreign armies, but often serve as supplemental forces who fight alongside external invaders during interstate war. This approach to understanding state-rebel relationships challenges previous scholarship and provides a new pathway to understanding the function of these relationships and the process by which they take shape. In addition, this paper examines the potentially unintended consequences of cutting off external supplies to conflicting parties involved in a civil war. By examining how arms embargoes affect the fighting capacity of rebels and governments, I show that UN and EU arms embargoes tend to disproportionately damage the capacity of rebels to fight and win battles during civil war while having no discernible effect on the government's capacity to fight. Altogether, this research implies that state and IO interactions with rebel are increasingly important to our understanding of international relations. States and IOs will continue to leverage these interactions to achieve their own goals, and it is important that we continue empirical analyses of these relationships.

Enemy Women and the Laws of War in the American Civil War

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie McCurry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Total War ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Radical Revision

One of the most important legacies of the American Civil War, not just in the re-united States of America but also in the nineteenth and twentieth century world, were the new laws of war that the conflict introduced. “Lieber's Code,” named after the man who authored it for the Lincoln administration, was a set of instructions written and issued in April 1863 to govern the conduct of “the armies of the United States in the field.” It became a template for all subsequent codes, including the Hague and Geneva conventions. Widely understood as a radical revision of the laws of war and a complete break with the Enlightenment tradition, the code, like the war that gave rise to it, reflected the new post-Napoleonic age of “people's wars.” As such, it pointed forward, if not as the expression of the first total war, then at least as an expression of the first modern one, with all the blurring of boundaries that involved.

scholarly journals Publications of the nikolaevski Istpartu of the 1920s. as a source on the history of revolutionary events in Nikolaev region

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-126
Author(s):  
Anastasia Gevko
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Unique Material ◽  
Marxist Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
The Revolution

This article analyzes the domestic memoirs related events 1917–21. Characterized Istpartu activity aimed at collecting evidence memoir. An important key base for researchers of the revolutionary events of 1917-1921 in Ukraine, it occupies a memorial legacy of witnesses of those turbulent years. After the defeat of the liberation struggle and the establishment of Soviet power in Ukraine, Istpartu was created in 1921. At one time, Istpartu took a leading place among the scientific institutions of Ukraine. Istpartu had its own journal, Chronicle of the Revolution, 57 issues were issued, in which memoirs were published mainly by supporters of the Soviet camp. "Chronicle of the revolution" in 1922-1935 published 168 memories of revolutionary events in Ukraine, among the authors there were 123 direct participants in those events. The activities of Istpartu at the regional level contributed to the study and publication of materials on the history of the revolution and the Civil War in Ukraine. Also, in the field, in the 1920s. local editions of regional Eastparts began to appear. Mostly these were collections of documents and memoirs, which often contain unique material that did not appear in official documents. For example, the book “Pages of the struggle. The collection of materials on the history of the revolutionary movement in Nikolaev", prepared by the Nikolaev Istpartu in 1923. In Soviet Ukraine, after the establishment of the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks, writing memoirs (with a non-Soviet perception of the past) about the revolutionary events of 1917 and the Civil War, and even more so publishing them, was practically impossible, and not only because of restrictions on archives, but also because hard censorship behind the printed word. The memoirs that were issued in those years for the “Marxist approach” are characterized by Soviet schematics and ideologically verified published material.

scholarly journals The Past for the Future: A History of the Russian Civil War in Narratives of the 1930s

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-502
Author(s):  
Iaroslav A. Golubinov ◽  
Olga S. Porshneva ◽  
Natalya V. Surzhikova
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

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