Two brothers, two shares: Alexander and Andrei Potebni

The article deals with the activities of brothers Alexander and Andriy Poteben. The work of the prominent Ukrainian philosopher, linguist and public figure - Alexander Potebni, is covered. His contribution to the development of Ukrainian science is analyzed. The most important scientific achievements of the scientist and their influence on the further development of Ukrainian philosophical thought are mentioned. The scholar's attitude and opinions regarding the Ukrainian language in the context of the current sociopolitical situation are shown. Among other things, his views on Ukrainian-Polish and Ukrainian-Russian relations in the historical past are highlighted. The article analyzes the life and activities of another brother, Andrew Potebni. The period of his stay and study in the Polotsk Cadet Corps is covered. Some aspects of friendship with cadets of Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian origin are considered. Some of them later became members of the Polish uprising of 1863 against the Russian Empire. The character of A. Potebna and the formation of the outlook of a future participant of revolutionary events in the territory of the Polish lands are characterized. He is referred to his transfer to the 16th Schlossburg Infantry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division, localized in Warsaw. A. Potebni's participation in the revolutionary struggle and his role during the January Polish uprising of 1863–1864 was demonstrated. The article considers the attitude of the newspaper's editorial staff to it and its struggle against the Russian autocracy. Personal relationships and friendships between A. Potebnei and O. Herzen and M. Ogarev are characterized. The activities of the Committee of Russian Officers in Poland are covered. The article discusses the versions of the attempt on O. Lieders, who held the position of governor of the Kingdom of Poland. The participation of other family members - Nicholas and Peter Potebni - is partially covered. They also joined the Polish armed struggle to restore the Commonwealth.

Normative, organization and legal support for the local civil and criminal courts in Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” (1941-1943)

World War II and the period of Nazi occupation of Ukraine became the period of severe Nazi social experimentation, the transformation of local society into the subject of pumping of raw materials and human resources. At the same time, in order to achieve the goal and objectives of the occupation, humiliation and neutralization of the resistance movement participants, the German administration had to create a certain appearance of law and order. An important role in this segment of occupation policy was played by the system of local civil and criminal courts that arose in mid-1942. The central government of the Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” succeeded in issuing several completed legal acts that regulated this sphere of functioning of the local society. Occupation topic has already become the central subject of research of contemporary Ukrainian historians. Thus, some aspects of local judicial institutions functioning in the RCU are covered in publications of O. Goncharenko, M. Kunitsky, and Y. Levchenko. But the legal lawmaking of the regional administrative units of the RCU, represented by the general commissariats, has actually remained out of their scientific attention. This is the subject of following study. The lawmaking process of the occupation administration of the RCU in the field of creating a system of civil and criminal justice envisaged the creation of normative acts of primary and regional (local) levels. The normative acts, adopted by the central department of the RCU, received the highest legal status. Normative acts adopted by the general commissariats received the status of sub-legal acts. With a few exceptions, the regulations of the general commissioners did not detail competently the specific provisions of the articles of the Reichcommissioner. Mainly, normative acts of the general commissioners contained technical details to the regulations of the Reichcommissioner. Other prescriptions of the Reichcommissar normative acts were simply repeated. The peculiarity of the normative acts of all levels, and especially of the heads of the general districts of “Zhytomyr”, “Volyn and Podillya”, was their extremely unsatisfactory translation from German into Ukrainian. Some specific legal instructions of normative acts, even those published in the official collections of documents, are difficult to understand. Therefore, one of the tasks of those representatives of the central and regional occupation administration of the RCU, who were responsible for creating the system of local justice, was to interpret the texts of the necessary normative acts.

Issues of the Historical Cognition of Civilizational Heritage according to the Spiritual Paradigm

The article analyzes the most important stages in formation and development of the spiritual and cultural paradigm in Western Europe. Formation of both spiritual and religious systems and their subsequent transformations have considerably influenced human consciousness, accompanied by fundamental social, economic, and political changes. The article emphasizes that it is possible to comprehend the nature and scope of these phenomena only provided a comprehensive analysis of European spiritual and religious discourse based on the basic foundations of the historical realities of definite periods. The role of Christian values in creating European civilization is emphasized. The significance of religious norms in the creation process of spiritual algorithms is substantiated. A comprehensive analysis of the Christianity impact on society reveals both the objective reasons of the religious ideas emergence in history and the reverse influence of Christian values and beliefs on secular culture. The crystallization of historical contacts between religious and secular types of spirituality is accompanied by a change in their positions: secular spirituality becomes a dominant category. The article emphasizes that in the modern context religion, largely related to traditional values and outlook, responds to the challenges of globalization. Complex historical and scientific retrospection shows that issues of global culture and global values are the focus of attention due to the religious context which stimulates the complex comprehension of globalization rather than only as a political and economic phenomenon. For many centuries it has been the spiritual and religious paradigm that has formed the global idea. Understanding this algorithm helps to comprehend spiritual and religious values as an enzyme of cultural and secular development.

Creative achievements of Hryhoriy Dozhenka as Ukrainian artistic heritage of the twentieth century

This article is about the artistic legacy of the famous monumental artist Grigory Avksentievich Dovzhenko, who lived and worked in the difficult and contradictory times of Ukrainian history and yet managed to preserve the identity of our culture in his works, perpetuate its signs in paintings, murals, mosaics, «Stone embroidered shirts». Studying local history, preserving cultural heritage sites, popularizing the historical past contributes to the formation of national and local identities, and gives impetus to the development of local communities. It is the community, its past, its distinctive identity, that is becoming the determining factor today, especially in the light of the processes of decentralization and preservation of the memory of generations. Life fate and creative heritage of G. Dovzhenko, a famous Ukrainian monumental artist, who devoted almost six decades to art. Each of his thoughts, every sketch, drawing, portrait, panel, still life is a continuation of eternal life, preservation of family memory. His creative heritage enriches today's and future generations. It must be remembered that the culture of every nation belongs to humanity, and our holy duty is to honor our cultural lights, be proud of them and popularize them, otherwise our awareness of ourselves as a nation will be impossible. Also during this period G. Dovzhenko addresses the topics of the national past. This is how the mosaic and fresco images of the times of Kievan Rus and Khmelnytskyi appear. Among the works of these years, the mosaic composition «Kiy, Schek, Choriv and their sister Lybid» is distinguished on the facade of the cinema «Rovesnik» in Kiev (1971), in which the artist managed to show the opto-color possibilities of smalt - the favorite material of ancient Ukrainian masters. G. Dovzhenko also portrays still lifes - bouquets of flowers in jugs, bread, fruits. But most often he paints flowering or covered with abundant fruit tree branches. These peculiar fragments of natural motifs are depicted by harmonious patterns on the canvas. G. Dovzhenko's artistic look reveals the organization of the subject world. The artist is constantly studying the laws and interconnections of natural forms. Hundreds of sketches of flowers and plants are of value to the attentive and skillful reproduction of form and color, the identification of logical structural conditionality of the structure, they are extremely interesting and further stylization, processing into decorative elements. This is a rare case in the practice of contemporary artists, when the artist does not use secondary material, but seeks to find and understand the laws of rhythm and symmetry, color plastics and structure. G. Dovzhenko in his work sought to embody a sense of gratitude for life. The artist was constantly experimenting, looking for different solutions of mosaic panels, based on the use of the best ancient traditions.

Zsigmond II Druget (? -1684) – sketches from the unknown life path

On the occasion of the 700th anniversary of the Drugeth (of Italian origin) family’s arrival to Northeastern Hungary (in our case, to the Ung Сounty), a significant growth of interest is observed in the family as a whole as well as in some of its members who dominated the region for almost three centuries. This interest is not accidental, since the Drugeth family except the state-level dignitaries (palatines, royal judges, Transylvanian governors, commanders), enriched the history of the Hungarian kingdom with writers, poets, school founders, robber knights, and forgers. However, history often plays a strange game with its participants, since, while memories of some individuals are kept unchanged for dozens of succeeding generations, but for some others we have to assemble the "historical mosaic" depicting heroes of that time, practically from small fragments. In almost every scholarly work on the history of Northeastern Hungary (present-day Zakarpattia), special attention is paid to representatives of the Drugeth family, but biographical data of its individual members are rare. Scientific researches that began during the last decade at the Uzhhorod National University gave a serious “impetus for the intensification of “studies concerning the Drugeths” in the Ukrainian historiography”. The scientific work covers the life path and activity of a little-known representative of the Northeastern Hungarian nobility, statesman and writer Zsigmond Drugeth (? –1684). He has been paid little attention by the Hungarian historical science paid, although during his 27 years long life he graduated from university, participated in major historical events, and published 2 books. Unfortunately, Zsigmond Drugeth became a “victim” of the historical science. Science accepted the “mistake” of one of the historians as a historical fact, therefore the life path of Zsigmond Drugeth in most publications ends with a shameful execution on the scaffold. The aim of our scientific work is to show the real person who has left a powerful but still unknown mark in the history of Northeastern Hungary based on available resources.

Publications of the nikolaevski Istpartu of the 1920s. as a source on the history of revolutionary events in Nikolaev region

This article analyzes the domestic memoirs related events 1917–21. Characterized Istpartu activity aimed at collecting evidence memoir. An important key base for researchers of the revolutionary events of 1917-1921 in Ukraine, it occupies a memorial legacy of witnesses of those turbulent years. After the defeat of the liberation struggle and the establishment of Soviet power in Ukraine, Istpartu was created in 1921. At one time, Istpartu took a leading place among the scientific institutions of Ukraine. Istpartu had its own journal, Chronicle of the Revolution, 57 issues were issued, in which memoirs were published mainly by supporters of the Soviet camp. "Chronicle of the revolution" in 1922-1935 published 168 memories of revolutionary events in Ukraine, among the authors there were 123 direct participants in those events. The activities of Istpartu at the regional level contributed to the study and publication of materials on the history of the revolution and the Civil War in Ukraine. Also, in the field, in the 1920s. local editions of regional Eastparts began to appear. Mostly these were collections of documents and memoirs, which often contain unique material that did not appear in official documents. For example, the book “Pages of the struggle. The collection of materials on the history of the revolutionary movement in Nikolaev", prepared by the Nikolaev Istpartu in 1923. In Soviet Ukraine, after the establishment of the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks, writing memoirs (with a non-Soviet perception of the past) about the revolutionary events of 1917 and the Civil War, and even more so publishing them, was practically impossible, and not only because of restrictions on archives, but also because hard censorship behind the printed word. The memoirs that were issued in those years for the “Marxist approach” are characterized by Soviet schematics and ideologically verified published material.

The first period of double interstate military conflict on the African horn (1960-1977)

The article is devoted to the first period of the interstate military conflict in the Horn of Africa. The events of 1960-1977 are revealed. In two conflict zones. On the one hand, the buildup and manifestation of an interstate military-political confrontation between Ethiopia and the Republic of Somalia, and on the other hand, aspects of the emergence of an intrastate military conflict in Ethiopia itself related to the Eritrean issue are analyzed. Moreover, it is noted that the province of the Ethiopian Empire, and since 1974 the Republic of Eritrea, de facto was not so much an internal structure of the indicated state as a semi-legal state, fought for its independence. This process was provoked in 1945-1959. Great Britain, Italy and the UN. These world players created a situation of the unification of British and Italian Somalia into a single state - the Republic of Somalia, depriving it after the creation of those territories that were inhabited by related tribes. Thus, Western countries pushed Somalia to search for ways to unite with the territories of Ogaden and Kenya exclusively by military means. And Somalia, which was experiencing the shortcomings of all Somalia, was forced to seek a partner who would provide official Mogadishu with the means of warfare, against the background of constant help not to her, but exclusively to neighboring Ethiopia. That is why the Republic of Somalia has become an exclusively Soviet ally since the late 1960s. An example of the creation of a single Republic of Somalia and an attempt to have Western countries as an ally, and after 1974 the countries of socialism, the maritime power of Ethiopia, actually created a complex of double interstate conflict in this region of East Africa. It was in him that the status of Somalia as a country without related territories and Eritrea as the usual province of Ethiopia was fixed, which did not suit their peoples and leaders.