The Turk Within

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-94
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Devereux
Keyword(s):  
Holy War ◽  
The Church ◽  
Legal Force

This chapter examines the rhetoric and methods of legitimation employed during the Franco-Spanish wars for control of Italy from 1494 to 1516 and in the Franco-Spanish dispute over Navarre. The chapter explores how France and Spain transformed the struggles into holy wars fought for the defense and preservation of the respublica christiana. In the circumstances where both disputants were Catholic monarchies, the chapter also looks into the arguments that justify war against a fellow Christian power that were imbued with the legal force and legitimacy of a war for the expansion of the faith. It traces the origins and evolution of conflict, focusing on the ways both French and Spanish adherents sought to establish the struggle as a just and holy war. The chapter ends by analyzing the processes whereby two related conflicts between the houses of Trastámara and Valois were transformed into holy wars waged in defense of the Church and of Christendom.

scholarly journals Civil war and religion in medieval Japan and medieval Europe: War for the Gods, emotions at death and treason

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-287
Author(s):  
Philippe Buc
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Christian Belief ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Medieval Japan ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
The Church

To compare and contrast medieval Japan and medieval Western Europe allows one to discover three things. First, analogous to Catholic holy war, in Japan becomes visible a potential for war (albeit seldom actualised) for the sake, quite surprisingly, of Buddhism. Second, the different role played by emotions during war: in Europe, when vicious (and motivated by emotions such as greed, ambition or lust), they endanger the victors; thus the concern for right emotions foster, to a point, proper behavior during war; in Japan, however, the focus is on the emotions of the defeated, which may hamper a good reincarnation and produce vengeful spirits harmful to the victors and to the community at large. Finally, while Japanese warriors could and often did switch sides, the archipelago did not know for centuries anything approaching the European concept of treason, ideally punished with the highest cruelty, hated and feared to the point of generating collective paranoia and conspiracy theories. Western treason was (and is still) a secularised offspring of the Christian belief in the internal enemy of the Church, the false brethren. Arguably, the texture of the religions present in the two ensembles gave their specific form to these three aspects of warfare.

Italian Fascism’s Wartime Enemy and the Politics of Fear

Facing Fear ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marla Stone
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Holy War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Politics Of Fear ◽  
Fascist Regime ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Church

This chapter examines how the specter of a demonic Communist enemy came to occupy a central place in the Italian Fascist imaginary during the regime's mobilization of the politics of fear. Two critical periods in Italian Fascism's wars are discussed: the military participation on the Nationalist side in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), framed by the Fascist regime as a “holy war” against communism, and Nazi Germany's war against the Soviet Union (1941–1943). The chapter shows how Fascist propaganda depicted Italy's wartime enemies in a way that tapped into the deepest fears of many Italians and their feelings of uncertainty about issues such as family, morality, and the Church. Facing waning support and growing resistance, the regime found that terror and anxiety were more effective in forging a connection between it and the population than a defense of Fascism.

Political Claims, an Extensible Name, and a Divine Mission: Ideology of Russian Expansion in Siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-299
Author(s):  
Yury Akimov
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Church ◽  
Legal Force

Abstract This article examines the ideology of Russian expansion in Siberia from the second half of the sixteenth to the early eighteenth century, focusing on several interrelated pillars that shaped this ideology. The first is the category of political-legal-force. Based on the legal incorporation of the Siberian Khanate into Muscovy in 1555 the Russians began to move further east, until they reached the Pacific and the borders of China and Mongolia. These territories were also declared parts of Siberia, and the Russians consequently believed they had a legal claim to its possession. Thus, one could say that Siberia as a territory was amorphous—the boundaries of the region “ended” wherever the Russians came up against powerful entities capable of opposing their expansion. The second pillar of Russian expansion drew on religious arguments. However, the Church followed in the wake of the explorers and tended not to pursue goals of its own.

Belfast Blues, II

Worldview ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Richard J. Neuhaus
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Vice President ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Church Of Ireland ◽  
Orange Order ◽  
The Church

Among Protestants in Northern Ireland, especially Presbyterians, there is a stronger tradition of individual clerics involved in politics than among Catholics. The tradition is traced over the last hundred years by Andrew Boyd in his Holy War in Belfast and is represented today by, for example, Ian Paisley and the Reverend Martin Smyth, head of the Orange Order, vice president of the Unionist Party and an important factor in the "loyalist" opposition to the White Paper. The three major Protestant groups are the Church of Ireland, which is in communion with the Church of England, the Presbyterians and the Methodists.

The Destruction of Jerusalem and the First Crusade

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
John France
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Sacred Places ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Popular Piety ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
Early Evidence ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Scholarly Discussion ◽  
The Church

The First Crusade was such an important event with such amazing consequences that it is hardly surprising that an enormous amount of ink has been spent on discovering the reasons why enthusiasm for it was so widespread. Much effort has been spent on examining factors which preconditioned the men of the eleventh century to welcome Urban's appeal in 1095–6. Broadly speaking it has been supposed that the wars against Islam in Spain accustomed men to the notion of Holy War, while the growing authority of the Church in the age of reform predisposed them to obey their spiritual directors – early evidence of this was the Peace and Truce of God first proclaimed by the bishops and clergy of France. Papal initiative in supporting the reconquest of Islamic Sicily and ‘corrupt’ England, and the influence of papal ideas about the militia Christi refined and developed by Anselm of Lucca reinforced the point. The Church threw its authority behind pilgrimage, the great manifestation of the popular piety of the age which was intimately allied to devotion to relics of saints and the cult of their sacred places. The most sacred of all places, and therefore the greatest of pilgrimages, was that to Jerusalem. It was the spiritual reward for this journey to Jerusalem which Urban 11 offered for those going on the expedition of 1095. These factors have always been the substance of discussion and were systematically analysed by Erdmann in a book which remains the basis of scholarly discussion to this day.

Schmoeckel, Mathias, Vom „gerechten” zum „heiligen Krieg”? Rechtfertigung der ersten Kreuzzüge im kanonischen Recht

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Mathias Schmoeckel
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Just War ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Reasons ◽  
The Church ◽  
Medieval Canon Law

Abstract From "just war" to the "holy war"? Justification of the first crusades in medieval Canon law. The European history of public international law has often dealt with the concept of "just war", almost never with the "holy war". This seems to be rather an Islamic phenomenon. But ever since Urban II called for the first crusade in 1095, Europe too knew the idea of justifying war with religious reasons. Until now this phenomenon has been used to denounce the cruelty of Christianity. We need, therefore, a new critical access to this topic. The origin of the idea in 1095 has to be linked with the development of penancy and indulgencies in their terms and concepts. We will see how skeptically the canonists of the age reacted and how little representative this immediately afterwards abandoned idea was of its time. Because Europe, in the end, rejected the idea of a "holy war", this topic is an important facette of the European evolution of public international law and does not prove the cruelty of the church. This article is part of a greater research project on the influence of medieval Canon law on public international law.

scholarly journals Kekristenan dan Violence: Just War dan Tradisi Kristen

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Benyamin Fleming Intan
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Just War ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Christian Love ◽  
The Church

ABSTRACT: After man has sinned, violence cannot be separated from human life. As Christianity comes into contact with violence, it generates a theory of just-war in responding against injustice. The applications of just-war theory are not only limited to Christian circle, but has reached wider groups. Just-war has become a guidance for non-Christian philosophers and politicians to fight oppressors and to uphold justice. This paper discribes the idea of just-war in Christians tradition, firstly by exploring the legitimacy of war in the light of the Word of God, and secondly by comparing it to the holy war in the context of the Old Testament. To better understand the views of the church leaders about just-war this paper will also discuss the criticisms against the theory. The author believes that the presence of just-war theory is crucial in the midst of this sinful world. KEYWORDS: violence, the legitimacy of war, just-war, holy war, peace, justice, Christian love

William Holman Hunt’s Holy War in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-380
Author(s):  
Nancy Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
Holy War ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
Sacred Fire

Abstract This essay is concerned to interpret the background, meaning, and reception of a late painting by the British Pre-Raphaelite painter William Holman Hunt entitled The Miracle of the Sacred Fire in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (1899). The painting illustrates and critiques an annual Easter Saturday miracle reported to have been experienced by believers and nonbelievers since the third century CE. During this miracle, fire descends from the oculus of the dome in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem onto the site believed to be the tomb of Christ, and impassioned pilgrims by the hundreds seek to light their candles with its flame. The painting, not well received when first exhibited at the New Gallery in London, remained in Hunt’s studio until his death in 1910. The history of the church in Jerusalem, the conflicts between the different Christian sects who guarded it, the attitude of one Victorian ecumenical Protestant traveler to Jerusalem toward these conflicts, and their resolution in his painting are the subjects used to explore this strangely overwrought and little known image.

Anarchy in England, 1135-54: The Theory of the Constitution

1974 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Political Order ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Literary Style ◽  
Constitutional Thought ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church ◽  
Legal Force ◽  
Ideas And Institutions

The constitutional arrangement of December 1135, under which Stephen of Blois won England with the support of the Londoners and of the administration at Winchester, with unction from the archbishop of Canterbury, and with recognition from the pope, did not prevail, as all know. Eighteen years later, the Treaty of Winchester legitimized the dynastic transfer from the house of Blois to the house of Anjou. By its very nature, the treaty constituted an endorsement of the Angevin rebellion against King Stephen. In the theory and mechanisms by which it provided a legal basis for the ultimate transfer of government to Henry Fitz Empress, Winchester relied upon certain crucial ideas and institutions: hereditary succession; the church as a guarantor of social and political order; the legal force of conciliar decisions; and the bonds created by fealty and homage. Such notions are supported in one way or another in the writings of men who observed Siephen's passage from dynastic victory to defeat. These commentators are thus an important gauge of the constitutional thought of Stephen's reign and of the early part of Henry II's, particularly for the right of rebellion, and they provide a context for appreciating the constitutional settlement which terminated Stephen's reign. The literary style of these observers is also worth notice for its effect on the historiography of Stephen's reign, chiefly in its contribution to the hard-to-eradicate image of this nineteen-year period as “the anarchy.”

Spiritual Healing, Sick Kids and the Law: Inequities in the American Healthcare System

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 269-299
Author(s):  
Janna C. Merrick
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Spiritual Healing ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Divine Love ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Human Need ◽  
East End ◽  
The Church

Main Street in Sarasota, Florida. A high-tech medical arts building rises from the east end, the county's historic three-story courthouse is two blocks to the west and sandwiched in between is the First Church of Christ, Scientist. A verse inscribed on the wall behind the pulpit of the church reads: “Divine Love Always Has Met and Always Will Meet Every Human Need.” This is the church where William and Christine Hermanson worshipped. It is just a few steps away from the courthouse where they were convicted of child abuse and third-degree murder for failing to provide conventional medical care for their seven-year-old daughter.This Article is about the intersection of “divine love” and “the best interests of the child.” It is about a pluralistic society where the dominant culture reveres medical science, but where a religious minority shuns and perhaps fears that same medical science. It is also about the struggle among different religious interests to define the legal rights of the citizenry.

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