Pushed to the Edge

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-134
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Baylouny
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
International Community ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Basic Goods ◽  
International Donors

This chapter recounts how Jordan and Lebanon changed their policies toward the Syrians, becoming more restrictive as they increased their overt scapegoating of the refugees. It analyses the restrictive policies toward Syrians that were interpreted by aid and international donors as signaling the need for more aid in order to prevent Syrians from leaving their host countries and heading to Europe. It also elaborates how the London Compacts traded massive aid, market access, and preferential loans from the international community in return for work permits to the refugees. The chapter explains how Jordan and Lebanon made fiscal changes that generated more protests and turned into systemic indictments of the regimes. It highlights new austerity policies in Lebanon and Jordan that spurred mass protests over taxes, the removal of subsidies, and the numerous continuing grievances over basic goods and services.

scholarly journals Foreign Direct Investment in Nepal

NUTA Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Biraj Pyakurel
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Market Infrastructure

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an important source of capital for economic growth in developing countries. It provides a package which constitutes new technologies, management techniques, finance and market access for the production and movement of goods and services. However, attracting FDI is a major challenge for host countries as it faces the challenge of identifying the major factors that motivate and affect the FDI location decision. The main FDI location factors are cost, market infrastructure, and technological, political, legal and socio-cultural factors. Despite several conflicting circumstances, Nepal is attempting to sort out overarching issues of FDI concerning with economic development. That’s why Nepal is at a point where from it can excel for economic goals via FDI. The set trends illustrate that various indicators pertaining to FDI in the country has been improving since peace process was begun in 2006. This analysis comes to conclusions that the country owns unique advantages and, thereby, opportunities of FDI useful for the country’s prosperity. Yet FDI in the country is not free of challenges, thus, that need to be timely addressed with prudent measures.

Foreign Direct Investment in Nepal: A Study on its Impact on Employment

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
Khom Raj Kharel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Major Factors

Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role boosting industrial development and promotion of manufactured exports for the developing countries. FDI helps mobilization of capital, human and natural resources of the country, which in turn supports to make the economy dynamic and competitive. FDI is an important source of inflow of capital for economic growth and employment generation in developing countries. It also provides a package which constitutes new technologies and management techniques, financial and market access for the production and movement of goods and services. Though, attracting foreign direct investment has become the major challenges for host countries as it faces the challenges of identifying the major factors that motivate and affect the FDI location decision. That's why Nepal is at a point wherefrom it can excel for economic goals via FDI. Foreign investment is critical to enhance the transfer of capital, modern technology, management and technical skill, increase culture. This article attempts to explore the growth and trends as well as condition of FDI. The results show a significant association between the changes in FDI on Employment. The finding of multiple regression analysis between FDI and employment indicates that FDI is a significant predictor of employment.

FOREIGN INVESTMENTS, SOVEREIGNTY AND THE PUBLIC GOOD

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Francesco Francioni
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
International Community ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Host State ◽  
Investment Protection ◽  
Global Institutions

In spite of occasional references to the “public interest” or the “public good” in legal instruments on foreign investment and in arbitral practice, effective implementation of the concept remains elusive. This is the case first of all due to the fact that arbitrators are faced with the difficulties inherent in performing the delicate function of a quasi “judicial review” of contested host State’s measures. The second factor relates to the fact that the notion of “public good” that emerges from contemporary arbitral practice is confined to the national public interest of the host State and does not include the general interest of the international community as a whole. This article argues that, given the present state of the international economy, the regime of investment protection has to be reconciled not only with the public interest of the host State but also with the emerging concepts of international common goods, which include the global environment, human rights and the cultural heritage of humanity. Given the lack of global institutions responsible for the management of such common goods, this article advocates a functional approach to the exercise of sovereignty that transcends the traditional principles of territoriality and nationality and entails the obligation of both home and host countries to take into account the effects of their investment policies on the general interest of the international community.

India and the Uruguay Round Trade Agreement

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-189
Author(s):  
Karthik Nachiappan
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Business Groups ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Gatt Round

In this chapter, I map how India negotiates agreements under GATT’s Uruguay Round by showing how protectionism by developed countries in the 1980s affected the Indian economy and particular sectors like textiles, agriculture and services, in turn, shaping their interests for more open trade. The arrival of a new GATT round served as an apt opportunity for the Ministry of Commerce, the institution that sought to alleviate constraints facing Indian exporters in these and other sectors influencing the pragmatic tack adopted at negotiations. India’s practical, yet sober, approach at the Uruguay Round was also influenced by domestic interest groups, specifically business groups and lobbies, who were keen to secure greater market access for their goods and services.

Basic Goods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Reinert
Keyword(s):  
Clean Water ◽  
Education Services ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Basic Goods ◽  
Human Need ◽  
Subsistence Rights

This chapter describes the basic goods approach to global policy priorities. It reviews the treatment of human need in political philosophy, economics, and social policy and defines basic goods as those goods and services that meet objective human needs. The chapter identifies a set of basic goods that includes nutritious food, clean water, sanitation, health services, education services, housing, electricity, and human security services. It gives a sense of the magnitudes of deprivations for each of these basic goods. The chapter goes on to link the basic goods approach to minimalist ethics and subsistence rights, to assess the role of basic goods provision in growth processes, and to assess general approaches to basic goods provision.

State neglect fosters global illicitly-governed spaces

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
The State ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Basic Goods ◽  
Economic Aid

Subject The effect of illicitly-governed spaces Significance Spaces where armed groups are equally, or more present than the state often tend to go unnoticed unless they garner media attention with high-profile violence. There, such groups exert authority over local populations and engage in illegal business activities. These operations allow them to accumulate power and resources potentially to stage attacks elsewhere. Targeting these spaces and restoring legitimate governance are necessary to deprive armed groups of social support and end illegal businesses. Impacts Providing basic goods and services would help authorities regain legitimacy in illicitly-governed regions. However, cracking down on illicit activities, such as smuggling, could deprive some communities of their only source of income. Economic aid and development would, therefore, need to accompany any such clampdowns.

"Green Trade Protectionism": An Analysis of Three New Issues that Affect Developing Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 1450016 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Victoria LOTTICI ◽  
Carlos GALPERÍN ◽  
Julia HOPPSTOCK
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Social Legitimacy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Many ◽  
Change Response

The environment is increasingly being used to justify protectionist measures that enjoy greater social legitimacy. Over the last few years, new issues have emerged in relation to this, and three of them are analysed in this paper: green growth and green economy, climate change response measures, and the liberalization of environmental goods and services. These new issues are being used both to apply barriers to goods and services coming from developing countries and to improve the market access of developed countries' exports of industrial products. All this amounts to "green protectionism" which is aimed at improving the trade balance of developed countries, particularly in relation to developing countries. In the many fora where these topics are being discussed, Argentina states that these issues should neither result in green protectionism nor encourage policies that constitute disguised restrictions on international trade, which is inconsistent with the multilateral trading system and with international environmental law, and in particular with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.

Strengthening the global trade architecture for development: the post Doha agenda

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERNARD HOEKMAN
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Concerted Action ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Aid For Trade ◽  
Development Perspective

Despite recurring rounds of trade liberalization under GATT/WTO auspices, complemented by unilateral reforms, many developing countries have not been able to integrate into the world economy. This paper argues that, from the perspective of the poorest countries, a multi-pronged strategy is required to strengthen the global trading system and that much of the agenda must be addressed outside the WTO. The most important contribution the WTO can make from a development perspective is to improve market access conditions – for goods and services – and ensure that trade rules are useful to developing countries. Enhancing trade capacity requires concerted action outside the WTO (‘aid for trade’) as well as unilateral actions by both industrialized and developing countries to reduce anti-trade biases.

Key Elements of the New International Economic Order

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Market Access ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
New Order ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
World Economic ◽  
World Economic Order

In the chapter, Mahbub ul Haq spells out his ideas for the key elements in the new international economic order. He points towards creation of key institutions that need to be created for bringing about the new order—a single world development authority to ensure global equality of opportunity; an international central bank, for creation and regulation of international currency; an international trade organization to ensure greater market access for developing countries, for more control over trading infrastructure and for free movement of labour and other goods and services; and a world food authority to ensure that food is available to all. To him the creation of an international central bank, which allows developing countries to control some of the sources of finance, was crucial for the restructuring of the world economic order.

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