Urinary Tract Infection Due to Non-fermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common type of bacterial infection of the body affecting humans throughout their lifetime. They are a frequent cause of nosocomial in fection in many hospitals. Therefore, this study was designed to isolate and identify the non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) causing UTI in hospitalized patients and determine their antibiotic susceptibility profile. This study was carried in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal among hospitalized patients. The urine sample was cultured and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolated NFGNB was determined by standard microbiological procedures. Among the total of 49 NFGNB isolates, Acinetobacter species (n=21, 42.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=21, 42.9%) were the major isolates and the remaining was Burkholderia cepacia complex (n=7, 14.3%). These isolates were found resistant to commonly used antibiotics. From the present study, it is clear that NFGNB are an important bacterial pathogen capable of producing UTI in hospitalized patients.

Ibsen’s The Pillars of Society: Female Protest against Patriarchy

This study explores social relationship between male and female in Henrik Ibsen’s play “The Pillars of Society”. The first part of the study analyzes a sexist society in which male characters subjugate females through their hegemonic power. The female characters appear meek, submissive and voiceless. The second part of this study examines the revolutionary role of the female characters who raise their voice against all-pervasive patriarchal power. They protest against male formulated institutions which have kept women voiceless and marginalized. Being dissatisfied with the defenders of patriarchal status quo, Ibsen’s female protagonists come to the fore to challenge prevailing social conviction about femininity and domesticity. They lead a crusade to establish their position and identity as human beings equal to men. In this play, the female characters Lona, Martha and Dina hold a revolutionary banner to protest against male domination of female. In their constant struggle, they win while the male characters become loser. This study analyses the voice of these leading female characters in the light of feminist theory proposed by scholars such as Kete Millett and Sylvia Walby.

Separable Topological Space of Hereditary

A property of a topological space is termed hereditary ifand only if every subspace of a space with the property also has the property. The purpose of this article is to prove that the topological property of separable space is hereditary. In this paper we determine some topological properties which are hereditary and investigate necessary and sufficient condition functions for sub-spaces to possess properties of sub-spaces which are not in general hereditary.

नेपाली शास्त्रीय सङ्गीतमा तण्डुकार घराना [Tandukar family in Nepali Classical Music]

नेपाली शास्त्रीय सङ्गीतको इतिहासमा तण्डुकार घरानाको भूमिका ठुलो छ । सङ्गीत क्षेत्रमा तण्डुकारहरू उस्तादको नामले चिरपरिचित छन् । काठमाडौँको भाँेसिकोटोल उस्तादहरूको उद्गमस्थल हो । खुसः जातले पनि परिचित यिनीहरूको मुख्य पेसा कृषि हो । कामारूकामाक्षबाट रातो मच्छिन्द्रनाथ बोकेर ल्याउने रथचक्र ललित ज्यापुलाई पूर्वज मान्ने तण्डुकारहरू जात्रापर्व, पूजापाठ, गीत सङ्गीततर्फ पनि दखल भएकाले लिच्छवी राजाले लालमोहर लगाई काः बाजा बजाउने अधिकार तण्डुकारलाई दिएका थिए । यद्यपि मच्छिन्द्रनाथको जात्रामा तण्डुकारहरूले सर्वप्रथम रथ तानेर उक्त जात्राको शुभारम्भ गर्ने चलन रहेको छ । यसरी संस्कृति र सङ्गीतकलालाई आत्मसात् गरी अगाडि बढेकाले नै यिनीहरू शास्त्रीय सङ्गीतप्रति आकर्षित भएका देखिन्छन् । यसैको परिणामस्वरूप गरिमामय घराना कायम गर्न सफल भएका हुन् । प्राप्त जानकारीअनुसार वीरभीमसेन तण्डुकारदेखि उ. नारायणप्रसाद तण्डुकारसम्म पाँच÷छ पुस्ताको अध्ययनबाट देशभित्र मात्र नभई विदेशमा पनि तण्डुकारहरूले योगदान पु¥याएको बुझिन्छ । देश तथा विदेशबाट उनीहरूले प्राप्त गरेका पुरस्कार, प्रमाण पत्र, पदक, प्रशंसापत्र, गीत रेकर्ड नेपाली शास्त्रीय सङ्गीतको इतिहासमा तण्डुकार घरानाको भूमिका ठुलो छ । सङ्गीत क्षेत्रमा तण्डुकारहरू उस्तादको नामले चिरपरिचित छन् । काठमाडौँको भाँेसिकोटोल उस्तादहरूको उद्गमस्थल हो । खुसः जातले पनि परिचित यिनीहरूको मुख्य पेसा कृषि हो । कामारूकामाक्षबाट रातो मच्छिन्द्रनाथ बोकेर ल्याउने रथचक्र ललित ज्यापुलाई पूर्वज मान्ने तण्डुकारहरू जात्रापर्व, पूजापाठ, गीत सङ्गीततर्फ पनि दखल भएकाले लिच्छवी राजाले लालमोहर लगाई काः बाजा बजाउने अधिकार तण्डुकारलाई दिएका थिए । यो सन्दर्भलाई पुष्टि गर्ने प्रमाण हुन् । विद्यालय तथा विश्वविद्यालयमा हाल कार्यरत तथा अवकाशप्राप्त शिक्षक तथा प्राध्यापकहरू उत्पादनमा यो घरानाको ठुलो देन छ । यस घरानाले पु¥याएका योगदानका विषयमा वैज्ञानिक तथा व्यवस्थित ढङ्गले विश्लेषण गरी तयार पारिएका सामग्रीहरू आजसम्म पनि प्राप्त हुन सकेका छैनन् । यस विषयमा गहन अध्ययन अनुसन्धान भएको देखिँदैन । यो नै यस क्षेत्रको ठुलो समस्या हो । उक्त क्षेत्रको अध्ययन, चिनारी तथा समस्याको सम्बोधन गर्ने प्रमुख उद्देश्यका साथ तण्डुकारघराना र नेपाली शास्त्रीय सङ्गीत शीर्षकको यो लेख तयार गरिएको हो । [The Tandukar family has played a significant role in the history of Nepali classical music. In the field of music, Tandukars are well known as Ustads. Bhansikotol in Kathmandu is the birthplace of masters. Khus: Also known by caste, their main occupation is agriculture. The chariot wheel carrying the red Machhindranath from Kamarukamaksha is considered to be the ancestor of Lalit Jyapu. However, in Machhindranath's procession, it is customary for the Tandukars to be the first to start the procession by pulling a chariot. They seem to be attracted to classical music because of their culture and music. As a result, they have succeeded in maintaining a dignified family. According to the information received from Virbhimsen Tandukar. From the study of five to six generations up to Narayan Prasad Tandukar, it is understood that Tandukar has contributed not only in the country but also abroad. The Tandukar family has played a great role in the history of Nepali classical music. In the field of music, Tandukars are well known as Ustads. Bhansikotol in Kathmandu is the birthplace of masters. Khus: Also known by caste, their main occupation is agriculture. The chariot wheel carrying the red Machhindranath from Kamarukamaksha is considered to be the ancestor of Lalit Jyapu. This is proof of the context. The family has made a significant contribution to the production of retired teachers and professors currently working in schools and universities. Even today, materials that have been scientifically and systematically analyzed on the contribution of this family have not been available. There seems to be no in-depth study and research on this subject. This is the biggest problem of this region. This article titled Tandukar Gharana and Nepali Classical Music has been prepared with the main objective of studying the area, identifying it and addressing the problems.]

Impact of Government Policy on Women Empowerment: Evidence from the Poverty Alleviation Fund, Nepal

Traditionally, most of the women in developing countries like Nepal have had to face different forms of inequality and discrimination such as limited access to education, deprivation from property rights and forced early marriage mainly due to the patriarchal structure of society. As a result, gender disparity, forced marriage and violence against them, women have a lower societal status and lower level of education, few accesses to employment and legal rights compared to male. Government policies and programs helps to improve all the aspects of women empowerment. The main objective is to study the impact of government policy based programme for women empowerment. The study demonstrates the role, responsibility, opportunity, and decision-making issues of women. Taking reference of PAF model for women empowerment members of community organizations (CO) involved were selected as a sample. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed. The PAF model takes community demand driven approach and supports the formation of representative community organizations of the poor and helps them identify their own development priorities, needs and solutions. The findings revealed that the women are in the process of their empowerment. They need position help and support from the family, society, and country as well. For this, country should develop gender friendly policies and programs.

वक्रोक्ति सिद्धान्त र शैलीविज्ञानको तुलनात्मक अध्ययन [A Comparative Study of Irony Theory and Stylistics]

वक्रोक्ति सिद्धान्त पूर्वीय साहित्य सिद्धान्तमध्ये एक समन्वयवादी एवं वस्तुनिष्ठ सिद्धान्त हो । यसका प्रवर्तक आचार्य कुन्तक हुन् र विस्तारक पनि उनी मात्र देखिन्छन् । शैलीविज्ञानको उदय सस्युरका नवीन भाषिक चिन्तनका माध्यमबाट पश्चिमी जगत्मा भएको र यसको विस्तार विभिन्न देशमा विविध सम्प्रदाय एवं विद्वान्बाट भएको देखिन्छ । वक्रोक्ति संस्कृत भाषाका सन्दर्भमा जन्मेको र शैलीविज्ञान पश्चिमी भाषाका सन्दर्भमा जन्मेको सिद्धान्त भए पनि वस्तुगत विश्लेषणका सन्दर्भमा यी दुवै एक अर्काबिच निकट सिद्धान्तका रूपमा देखिन्छन् । दुवैले काव्यकृतिलाई मूल आधार मानेर त्यसको वस्तुनिष्ठ विश्लेषणमा विश्वास गर्ने हुनाले दुवै सिद्धान्तको उद्भवका बिच लगभग नौ सय वर्षको अन्तर रहँदारहँदै पनि सिर्जना र सर्जकलाई हेर्ने अवधारणा तथा कृति विश्लेषणगत अवधारणामा भने करिब एकरूपता देखा पर्दछ । वक्रोक्ति सिद्धान्तमा वक्रताको तात्पर्य समस्त कविकर्मकौशल, काव्यसौन्दर्य तथा लोकोत्तर सर्जन हो भत्रे मान्दै काव्यकृतिलाई सर्जकका आत्मभावको भाषिक रूपान्तरणका रूपमा स्वीकार गरिने भएकाले मूलतः वर्णविन्यासवक्रता, पदवक्रता, वाक्यवक्रता, प्रकरणवक्रता र प्रबन्धवक्रताका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरी कृतिगत सौन्दर्य पर्गेल्ने काम गर्दछ । त्यसै गरी शैलीविज्ञानले पनि साहित्यिक अभिव्यक्तिलाई भाषिक कला र कुनै पनि काव्यकृतिलार्ई भाषिक प्रतीक मानेर मूलतः समानान्तरता, चयन, विचलन, अप्रस्तुत योजना आदिका आधारमा कृतिको विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षमा पुग्ने काम गर्दछ । तसर्थ, वक्रोक्ति सिद्धान्त र शैलीविज्ञानका बिच उत्पत्तिगत भौगोलिक परिवेश र प्रारम्भविन्दुको समयमा समेत ठुलो अन्तराल भएर पनि पनि यी दुवै सिद्धान्तका अबधारणामा साम्यता रहेकाले तुलनीय पनि देखिन्छन् । [The theory of irony is one of the coherent and objective theories of Eastern literature. Its promoter is Acharya Kuntak and he seems to be the only expander. The rise of stylistics seems to have taken place in the Western world through Sasuke's innovative linguistic thinking and its spread from various denominations and scholars in different countries. Although irony is a theory born in the context of Sanskrit and stylistics is born in the context of Western languages, in terms of objective analysis, the two are seen as closely related to each other.]

Social Life and Everyday Experience of Ethnic People in Urban Setting: An Anthropological Overview of Darai People of Damauli Bazaar

This paper investigates the issues of urban development and the quality of life of Darai people with the process of modernization. It explores the process of urbanization and distribution of land after the planning in urban area. The paper highlights issues of ethnic solidarity, tensions and situation of utilization of modern facilities among the Darai ethnic population of Damauli Bazaar. Findings of this research point out the overall dissatisfaction with inadequate facilities, fear of ethnic tensions, exclusion from social processes and division in ethnic solidarity among the studied population.

Materialization of Love in Morrison’s Love: A Marxist Perspective

This article attempts to explore how human beings are controlled by the material values in the society governed by the capitalistic regime in Toni Morrison’s novel, Love where money and matter overshadows other moral and social customs. Fascination towards economic gain is the natural inclination of the human beings since all the capitalistic desires and provisions are generally dealt with money. The overall purpose of the study is to show how Toni Morrison’s dominant characters in Love, Cosey, Heed, L and Christine are much obsessed with material success in order to capture the sordid nature of materialization of human life in the commercial world. The research methodology, used to survey the unquenched material desire of human beings such as Mr. Cosey and Christine and their degradation for it, is Marxism. Christine is ready to do everything to be a capitalistic modern. The principal finding is that in the name of love, pre-menstruated girl is made to marry an old man. She is turned into a commodity item. People are seeking mammoth pleasure but they are spiritually barren, which shows money and matter over taking the realm of love and spirituality.

Soil Distribution in Nepal

Soil is the important natural recourse for living things of the world and regulates its ecosystem. Soil types are depending on physiographic and climatic factors. The study discussed soil types of Nepal prepared by Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP) based on world reference base developed by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States (FAO) and Soil and Terrain (SOTER) soil type of Nepal by ISRIC-World soil Information based on universal soil classification system developed by United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) using Geographic information system (GIS). According to LRMP the soil types of Nepal are as follow: Dystrochrepts Haplumbrepts Haplustalfs, Dystrochrepts Haplustalfs Rhodustalfs, Haplumbrepts Dystrochrepts Cryumbrepts, Udipsamments Dystrochrepts Rhodustalfs, Glaciated Mountain, Haplaquents Haplaqepts Eutrocrepts, Udorthents Ustorthents Haplaquents, Dystrochrepts Halpumbrepts Haplustalfs-calcarious Materials, Rhodustalfs Dystrochrepts Haplustalfs, Dystrochrepts Eutrochrepts Argiudolls, Dystrochrepts Hapludalfs Haplustalfs-Calcarious Materials, Haplaquents Psammaquents Ustorthents, Haplaquents Eutrocrepts Heplaquents-calcareous Materials and Haplaquepts Dystrochrepts Haplaquents covering four soil order i.e. Entisols, Inseptisols. Mollisols and Alfisols. According the SOTER map, the soil types are as follow: Gelic LEPTOSOLS, Eutric CAMBISOLS, Eutric REGOSOLS, Humic CAMBISOLS, Chromic CAMBISOLS, Dystric REGOSOLS, Eutric GLEYSOLS Calcaric, PHAEOZEMS, Gleyic CAMBISOLS, Haplic PHAEOZEMS, Calcaric FLUVISOLS and other are glacier, ice, rock croup, lake and water. These types of soils are controlled by physiography and climatic factors. The SOTER soil types are more familiar than LRMP soil map although in LRMP soil map is useful to understand the soil characteristics and soil forming processes of Nepal. The soil degradation mitigation and adaptive strategies should consider the soil diversity types and its controlling factors such as physiography and climate.

नेपालमा ऋषिमुनिका आश्रम [Ashram under sage in Nepal]

नेपाल तीर्थहरूको मुहान मानिन्छ । यो पुण्यभूमिभित्र विश्वास गरिएका र ख्याति कमाएका धेरै तीर्थस्थलहरू छन् । जङ्गमतीर्थ, मानसतीर्थ र भौमतीर्थ यी त्रिविध तीर्थको कमी यहाँ छैन । यहाँ ऋषिमुनि तथा सिद्धहरूले लामो समयसम्म साधना गरेका, ज्ञान बाँँडेका एवम् सिद्धिप्राप्त गरेका तपोभूमि, ज्ञानभूमि, सिद्धभूमि, आश्रमजस्ता पुरातात्त्विक, ऐतिहासिक, धार्मिक, सांस्कृतिक महŒवका स्थलहरू छन् । ती सबै तीर्थस्थलअन्तर्गत पर्ने सम्पदा हुन् । यो पुण्यभूमिमा सत्य, त्रेता र द्वापर युगमा ऋषिमहर्षिहरूले साधना गरी ज्ञान उत्पादन गरेको मानिन्छ । प्राप्त ज्ञानले दुनियाँलाई दीक्षित बनाए । ऋषिमहर्षि तथा सिद्धहरूले योगसाधना, ज्ञान तथा साहित्य सिर्जना, ज्ञान प्रवद्र्धन एवं वितरण गरेका तपोभूमि, ज्ञानभूमि, सिद्धभूमि, आश्रमहरूको सङ्ख्या यहाँ धेरै छन् भन्ने मान्यता रहेको छ ।कतिपय यस्ता स्थलहरू अझसम्म पनि प्रकाशित हुनसकेका छैनन् । नेपालमा दसवटा स्थान विश्वसम्पदा सूचीमा सूचीकृत छन् । दुर्भाग्यवश यी पुण्यभूमिमध्ये कुनै एक स्थान पनि विश्वसम्पदा सूचीमा सूचीकृत हुनसकेका छैनन् । ऋषिमुनि तथा सिद्धहरूसँग सम्बन्धित त्यस्ता स्थलहरू आज बेखबर छन् । अध्ययन अनुसन्धानकर्ताको ध्यान पर्याप्त रूपमा त्यसतर्फ पुग्न सकेको देखिँदैन । यसलाई शोधखोजको क्षेत्रमा देखिएको एउटा उल्लेख्य समस्या ठानिएको छ । अतः यो प्राज्ञिक खाँचो आंशिक रूपमा भए तापनि सम्बोधन तथा परिपूर्ति गर्ने उद्देश्यले यो लेख तयार पारिएको हो । यो अध्ययन प्राथमिक तथा द्वितीयक तथ्याङ्कमा आधारित छ ।यस लेखमा गुणात्मक प्रकृतिका तथ्याङ्कहरू सङ्कलन तथा विश्लेषण गरिएका छन् । अतः यो गुणात्मक ढाँचामा आधारित लेख हो । [Nepal is considered the source of pilgrimage. There are many places of pilgrimage that are believed and famous in this holy land. There is no shortage of these three types of pilgrimages, Jangmatirtha, Manasatirtha and Bhoumatirtha. There are places of archeological, historical, religious and cultural significance such as Tapobhumi, Gyanbhumi, Siddhabhumi and Ashram where sages and Siddhas practiced for a long time, shared knowledge and attained perfection. All of them are heritage sites. In this holy land, in the age of Satya, Treta and Dwapar, sages are believed to have produced knowledge through sadhana. The knowledge gained made the world initiated. It is believed that there are a large number of Tapobhumis, Gyanbhumis, Siddhabhumis and Ashrams where sages and sages have practiced yoga, created knowledge and literature, promoted and distributed knowledge. Some such sites have not been published yet. Ten places in Nepal are listed in the World Heritage List. Unfortunately, none of these holy places have been inscribed on the World Heritage List. Such sites associated with sages and sages are unknown today. The study researcher's attention does not seem to have reached enough. This is considered to be a significant problem in the field of research. Therefore, this article has been prepared for the purpose of addressing and fulfilling this academic need, even if only partially. This study is based on primary and secondary data. This article collects and analyzes data of qualitative nature. So this is an article based on a qualitative format.]