Biological Systematics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Z. Brower ◽  
Randall T. Schuh
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Inference ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Character Analysis ◽  
Biological Classification ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Biological Systematics ◽  
Desk Reference ◽  
Systematic Biology

Understanding the history and philosophy of biological systematics (phylogenetics, taxonomy and classification of living things) is key to successful practice of the discipline. In this thoroughly revised third edition, the authors provide an updated account of cladistic principles and techniques, emphasizing their empirical and epistemological clarity. The book covers the history and philosophy of systematics; the mechanics and methods of character analysis, phylogenetic inference, and evaluation of results; the practical application of systematic results to biological classification, adaptation and coevolution, biodiversity, and conservation; along with new chapters on species and molecular clocks. The book is both a textbook for students studying systematic biology and a desk reference for practicing systematists. Part explication of concepts and methods, part exploration of the underlying epistemology of systematics, the edition addresses why some methods are more empirically sound than others.

scholarly journals Review of Metaheuristics Inspired from the Animal Kingdom

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 2335
Author(s):  
Elena Niculina Dragoi ◽  
Vlad Dafinescu
Keyword(s):  
Metaheuristic Algorithms ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Biological Classification ◽  
Living Things

The search for powerful optimizers has led to the development of a multitude of metaheuristic algorithms inspired from all areas. This work focuses on the animal kingdom as a source of inspiration and performs an extensive, yet not exhaustive, review of the animal inspired metaheuristics proposed in the 2006–2021 period. The review is organized considering the biological classification of living things, with a breakdown of the simulated behavior mechanisms. The centralized data indicated that 61.6% of the animal-based algorithms are inspired from vertebrates and 38.4% from invertebrates. In addition, an analysis of the mechanisms used to ensure diversity was performed. The results obtained showed that the most frequently used mechanisms belong to the niching category.

FEATURES OF OPHTHALMIC CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH COMPLICATED CATARACTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Inna Ivanovna Lapkina
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Outpatient Treatment ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
High Prevalence

Today, around 50 million people worldwide suffer from cataracts, more than a half of them need surgical treatment. High prevalence of this pathology in Ukraine, the need to improve the provision of ophthalmic care to patients, and the reform of the health care system have made the research relevant. Concomitant diseases and special conditions of the eye increase the risk of intra− and postoperative complications, worsen the functional parameters of patients after surgery. In order to develop a unified approach to the treatment of complicated cataracts based on diagnostically related groups of patients, a retrospective analysis of case histories of patients with different variants of complications related to the condition of the lens itself, its ligament apparatus and other structures of the eye was conducted. In each case, the surgeon has to choose the appropriate modification of cataract phacoemulsification surgery. The study proposed the classification of cataract phacoemulsification modifications on the basis of the techniques and the sequence of operation stages, taking into account the classification of the degrees of turbidity of the lens, proposed by L. Buratto. It has been noted that in complicated cases, according to the indications of the patient, surgery may be performed on several modifications of cataract phacoemulsification. The developed classification made it possible to generalize the various variants of pathology and greatly facilitate the choice of tactics of surgical treatment in complicated cataracts. It can be used not only for practical application, but also for improving the qualification of trained professionals. The prospect of further research is to identify contraindications for outpatient treatment of the patients with complicated cataracts. Key words: cataract complication, classification of phacoemulsification modifications, diagnostically related groups.

Social Media Handbuch

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Strategy Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Platform Economy

The Social Media Handbook provides guidance on long-term developments in the ever-changing social media sector and explains fundamental interrelationships in this field. It describes a strategy model for the development of one’s own solutions, summarises the theories, methods and models of leading authors and shows their practical application, while also highlighting current developments and dealing with the topic of data processing in social media. An examination of the platform economy with its economic functions facilitates the classification of business models in social media. The book also shows how platforms and their algorithms can influence our actions and shape our opinions. With contributions by Prof. Karin Bjerregaard Schlüter, Andrea Braun, Franziska Geue, Tobias Knopf, Markus Korbien, Prof. Dr. Daniel Michelis, Stefan Pfaff, Thanh H. Pham, Tom Reichstein, Prof. Dr. Anna Riedel, Michael Sarbacher, Prof. Dr. Dr. Thomas Schildhauer, Prof. Dr. Hendrik Send, Dr. Stefan Stumpp, Prof. Dr. Sebastian Volkmann, Jan-Benedikt Weber, Julia Weißhaupt, Norman Wiebach und Prof. Dr. Christian Wissing.

Classification of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare). 1. Historical aspects, and phenetic character analysis of some characters by information theory and by spatial autocorrelation

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2769-2773
Author(s):  
Bernard B. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Character Analysis ◽  
Barley Cultivars

A brief historical sketch of the classification of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars is presented along with reference to key reviews on this subject. Characters, utilized in the comprehensive study on the barley cultivars of North America by Aberg and Wiebe (U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 942), were subjected to a series of phenetic character analyses using an information theory model and a spatial autocorrelation model. The ranking of the 48 characters in order of their importance (for classification and identification purposes) from the character analysis by information theory was compared with the previous rating of characters made by Aberg and Wiebe and was found to differ significantly. Numerous trials of character analysis by spatial autocorrelation using various Minkowski distances, setting various values among three parameters, never yielded results comparable with those obtained by Aberg and Wiebe. Among those trials, a few combinations of values for the three parameters (X, Y, and Z) yielded results comparable with those obtained with character analysis by information theory. Those same combinations of values were found by Estabrook and Gates (Taxon, 33: 13–25) in their study of Banisteriopsis in 1984, where they also developed the method of character analysis by spatial autocorrelation. Kernel weight was found to be the most important character.

scholarly journals Attention-Guided Digital Adversarial Patches on Visual Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Dapeng Lang ◽  
Deyun Chen ◽  
Ran Shi ◽  
Yongjun He
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Attachment Mechanism ◽  
Human Eyes ◽  
Deep Learning Model

Deep learning has been widely used in the field of image classification and image recognition and achieved positive practical results. However, in recent years, a number of studies have found that the accuracy of deep learning model based on classification greatly drops when making only subtle changes to the original examples, thus realizing the attack on the deep learning model. The main methods are as follows: adjust the pixels of attack examples invisible to human eyes and induce deep learning model to make the wrong classification; by adding an adversarial patch on the detection target, guide and deceive the classification model to make it misclassification. Therefore, these methods have strong randomness and are of very limited use in practical application. Different from the previous perturbation to traffic signs, our paper proposes a method that is able to successfully hide and misclassify vehicles in complex contexts. This method takes into account the complex real scenarios and can perturb with the pictures taken by a camera and mobile phone so that the detector based on deep learning model cannot detect the vehicle or misclassification. In order to improve the robustness, the position and size of the adversarial patch are adjusted according to different detection models by introducing the attachment mechanism. Through the test of different detectors, the patch generated in the single target detection algorithm can also attack other detectors and do well in transferability. Based on the experimental part of this paper, the proposed algorithm is able to significantly lower the accuracy of the detector. Affected by the real world, such as distance, light, angles, resolution, etc., the false classification of the target is realized by reducing the confidence level and background of the target, which greatly perturbs the detection results of the target detector. In COCO Dataset 2017, it reveals that the success rate of this algorithm reaches 88.7%.

scholarly journals Identification and Classification of Pathogenic Bacteria Using the K-Nearest Neighbor Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Diana Rahmawati ◽  
Mutiara Puspa Putri I ◽  
Miftachul Ulum ◽  
Koko Joni
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Ocular Lens ◽  
K Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Image Capture ◽  
Chebyshev Method ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Auto Focus ◽  
The Government

Bacteria are a group of living things or organisms that do not have a core covering. In the grouping, some bacteria are pathogenic. With a microscopic size, many pathogenic bacteria are found around and spread through the food eaten or by touching objects around them, then cause diseases such as diarrhea, vomiting, and others. As a more effective effort to help the government and society prevent disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, a system for the identification and classification of pathogenic bacteria K-Nearest Neighbor was created. This system uses a biological microscope that is attached to a webcam camera above the ocular lens as a tool to see bacterial objects and assist in bacterial capture. Rough player rotates automatically (auto-focus) in image capture. In the process of classification and identifying bacteria, the K-Nearest Neighbor method is used, which is a method with the calculation of the nearest neighbor or calculation based on the level of similarity to the dataset. In this study, the bacteria vibrio chlorae, staphylococcus aereus, and streptococcus m. with the highest accuracy is the K = 9 value of 97.77% using the Chebyshev method.

Technical means of customs control and their classification

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Minnegaley Gizyatovich Akhmetov
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Higher Educational

The article discusses the classification of technical means of customs control. The modern views on the field of application of technical means of customs control when passing goods and vehicles through the customs border of the Eurasian Union are disclosed. The approaches to grouping, classification of technical means of customs control are clarified. The data in the article can be used by customs authorities in organizing the practical application of technical means of customs control and in the educational process of higher educational institutions in the «Customs» field of study.

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